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Il pea.M em u ifJy uK/uu 13 ñòðàíèöà

×èòàéòå òàêæå:
  1. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 1 ñòðàíèöà
  2. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 10 ñòðàíèöà
  3. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 11 ñòðàíèöà
  4. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 2 ñòðàíèöà
  5. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 3 ñòðàíèöà
  6. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 4 ñòðàíèöà
  7. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 5 ñòðàíèöà
  8. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 6 ñòðàíèöà
  9. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 7 ñòðàíèöà
  10. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 8 ñòðàíèöà
  11. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 9 ñòðàíèöà
  12. Il pea.M em u ifJy uK/uu 1 ñòðàíèöà

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opraHH3a HJ1 KaK caMOCTOHTeJibHOro COHaJibHOro HHCTHTyTa. 3.n;ecb ee ocyeCTBJIHeTCH TecHoe nepenJieTeHHe X03HHCTBeHH0-3KOHOMJ1- qecKOH.n;eHTeJibHOCTH, rocy.n;apcTBeHHO-npaBOBoro peryJI11poBaHHH J1 KYJibTOBO:i1: npaKTHKH. B paHHeKJiaccoBb X o6ecTBax xpaMbI6b1JI11 co6- CTBeHHOCTbK> rocy.n;apCTBa H B HHX HaKaIIJIHBaJIHCb orpOMHbie 6oraTCTBa.

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B HCTOp11qecKo:i1:, COHOJIOrHt:feCKOH H c}lHJIOcocpcKOH JIHTepaType

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Âñå ìàòåðèàëû ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà ñàéòå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ öåëüþ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ÷èòàòåëÿìè è íå ïðåñëåäóþò êîììåð÷åñêèõ öåëåé èëè íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ. Ñòóäàëë.Îðã (0.018 ñåê.)