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Usage of Cases in Russian

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Cases in Russian

Russian grammar uses the case system. The case system is also used in languages like Latin, Greek and German. In fact it was also used in Old English. In Russian there are six cases. To help you understand what cases are we will compare them to English...

In English the subject of the sentence must be first noun. For example...

‘Ivan gives flowers to Anna’. (Иван даёт цветы Анне)

 

In English it makes no sense to swap the position of the words ‘Ivan’ and ‘flowers’. The meaning of the sentence would be completely changed. In Russian it is possible to change the order of these words, and still keep the same meaning. You may wish to do this to emphasise something. Although

 

it is common in Russian to use a similar word order to English. The Russian word’s position is not so important because it’s meaning in the sentence is indicated by it’s case. To indicate each case we change the ending of word. Lets look at the six cases (You don’t need to remember this yet):

Nominative case: The subject of the sentence. (“Ivan”)
Accusative case: The object of the sentence. (“flowers”)
Dative case: The indirect object of the sentence (“Anna”)
Genitive case: Indicates ownership. (Eg. “Anna’s flowers”)
Instrumental case: Indicates ‘with’ or ‘by means of’. (“Anna writes with a pencil”)
Prepositional case: Used after certain propositions. (In, on, at, and about.)

For example the word Anna in the six different cases would be:
Nominative case: Анна
Accusative case: Анну
Dative case: Анне (to Anna)
Genitive case: Анны (Anna’s)
Instrumental case: Анной (with Anna)
Prepositional case: Анне (about Anna)

Now, let's look at an example of how the word п о езд changes depending on the case. The stressed vowels are underlined:

мн о го поезд о в (a lot of trains) - the genitive
е хать п о ездом (to go by train) - the instrumental

Usage of Cases in Russian

In Russian, it is the case of a noun that shows what role the noun plays in a sentence. The table below shows how the noun Алексей (a male name) changes by cases.

CASES EXAMPLE SENTENCES ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
Nominative Это Алексей. This is Alexey.
Genitive Мы изучаем таблицу Алексея. We are studying Alexey's chart.
Dative Ученик дал Алексеютаблицу. A student gave a chart to Alexey.
Accusative Анна ждёт Алексея. Ann is waiting for Alexey.
Instrumental Таблица написана Алексеем. A chart is written by Alexey.
Prepositional Друзья говорят об Алексее. Friends are talking about Alexey.

 

First, you may see how important case endings are to show the role of a noun. Note, that the contrasting English equivalents have the name Alexey unchanged.

Second, it should be mentioned that the word order does not affect the meaning of a sentence significantly. For example, the sentence Анна ждёт Алексея has the same meaning as Алексеяждёт Анна as long as you use the accusative of Алексей.


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