Perfect

having asked

having been asked

having written

having been written

The perfect form of participle I expresses priority.

Having written the letter he went to post it. — Написав письмо, он пошел опустить его.

Note: The non-perfect form of participle I of such verbs as to enter, to arrive, to look, to turn, etc. used as an adverbial modifier expresses priority.

Turning to his sister, he grasped her hand.—

2.2. The syntactical characteristics. Participle I has the following functions in the sentence:

2.2.1. An attribute

Here is the telegram announcing his arrival.

He came up to the crying child.

Note: The perfect form of participle I is not used in the function of the attribute. In such cases an attributive clause is used. Cp.: Я не знаю человека, принесшего эту записку вчера.- I don't know the man who brought the note yesterday.

2.2.2. An adverbial modifier

a. of time

As an adverbial modifier of time the participle I may be preceded by the conjunctions when, while:

When listening to her I understood that she was upset.

b. of cause

Not knowing his new telephone number I could not get in touch with him.

c. of manner and attending circumstances

For a moment they stood silently looking at one another.

He ran up to her, smiling happily.

d. of comparison

As an adverbial modifier of comparison the participle is always pre­ceded by the conjunctions as if, as though.

He peered at me, as if not recognizing.

e. of concession

He could not catch up with them though working very hard.

f. of condition

Driving at this speed, we'll be there in no time.

2.2.3. A parenthesis I

Frankly speaking, you are wrong.

Putting it mildly, she was rather rude.

Taking everything into consideration, she had a right to do it.

2.2.4. A part of the complex subject, the complex object, the nominavite ab­solute participial construction;

a. the complex object

The complex object consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and participle 1. The complex object is used after:

(1) the verbs of physical sense perception (to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to notice, etc.) I

She watched the children playing in the garden.

(2) the verbs of causative meaning (to get, to set, to leave, to have, etc)

Don't keep her waiting.

(3) the verbs of liking or disliking (to like, to want, to hate, etc.)

I hate you talking like that.

b. the complex subject

The complex subject consists of a noun in the common case or a pro­noun in the nominative case and participle 1. It is used with the verbs of sense perception in the passive voice.

Two people, were heard quarrelling.

c. the nominative absolute participial construction

It consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nomi­native case and participle 1. The nominal element and participle I are in a predicative relation. The nominative absolute participial construction has the function of an adverbial modifier: '

(1) of attending circumstances

He ran into the room, his eyes shining.

(2) of cause

It being a hot day, they went to the river.

3) of time (occasionally)

This having been settled, Bart left them.

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