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The theory of a word (mid 50s, professor Smirnitsky)

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The essence of the issue is summed up in 2 problems: the size of unit problem, the identity of unit problem. Smirnitsky compared the 3 types of vocabulary units (a morpheme, word, phrase) to select the one to meet two criteria: nominative and communicative functions. By comparison he isolated a word as the basic unit. Within the second problem the following types of word variation are singled out: phonetic, morphemic/ word-building, morphological and lexico-semantic variants.

 

The morphemic structure of a word.

Morphemes are subdivided into 1) root-morphemes and affixational morphemes (prefixes, suffixes and infixes); 2)free, bound. There are also semi-affixes and pseudo-morphemes.

 

English Etymology

Etymology (etymol – true, logos - learning) reveals word origin and through it represents all language sources of the studied tongue, explains many peculiarities in the structure of vocabulary, ways of its development, etc.

The Etymological Structure of English Vocabulary

The NE (30%) The BE (70%)
I Indo-European element (I-E E) II Germanic element (GE) III English Proper element (no earlier than 5th c. A.D.) (EPE) ---------------------------------------------- * semantically leading * high polysemy * morphemically simple words * high derivational potential * stylistic neutrality * free lexical collocability * unlimited syntactic behaviour I Celtic (5th-6th c. A.D.) II Latin 1 group: 1st c. B.C. 2 group: 7th c. A.D. 3 group: the Renaissance period III Scandinavian (8th – 11th c. A.D.) IV French Norman borrowings (11th – 13th c. A.D.) Parisian borrowings (Renaissance) V Greek (Renaissance) VI Italian (Renaissance and later) VII Spanish (Renaissance and later) VIII German IX Indian X Russian (and some other groups)

 

Problems of borrowings:

Causes: social/ historical (contact of nations - wars, invasions or conquests, peaceful periods); linguistic (a word is borrowed: to fill a gap in the vocabulary; to supply a new shade of meaning or a different emotional colouring; a group of accidental or blind borrowings). Borrowings enter the language in two ways: through oral speech (by immediate contact between the peoples) and through written speech (by indirect contact through books, etc.).

Criteria: the pronunciation of the word (strange sounds, sound combinations, position of stress, etc.), its spelling; the morphological structure of the word and its grammatical forms; the lexical meaning of the word.

Types: transliteration, transcription, translation-loans, semantic loans, etymological doublets/ triplets, international words, hybrid words.


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