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ÀâòîÀâòîìàòèçàöèÿÀðõèòåêòóðàÀñòðîíîìèÿÀóäèòÁèîëîãèÿÁóõãàëòåðèÿÂîåííîå äåëîÃåíåòèêàÃåîãðàôèÿÃåîëîãèÿÃîñóäàðñòâîÄîìÄðóãîåÆóðíàëèñòèêà è ÑÌÈÈçîáðåòàòåëüñòâîÈíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêèÈíôîðìàòèêàÈñêóññòâîÈñòîðèÿÊîìïüþòåðûÊóëèíàðèÿÊóëüòóðàËåêñèêîëîãèÿËèòåðàòóðàËîãèêàÌàðêåòèíãÌàòåìàòèêàÌàøèíîñòðîåíèåÌåäèöèíàÌåíåäæìåíòÌåòàëëû è ÑâàðêàÌåõàíèêàÌóçûêàÍàñåëåíèåÎáðàçîâàíèåÎõðàíà áåçîïàñíîñòè æèçíèÎõðàíà ÒðóäàÏåäàãîãèêàÏîëèòèêàÏðàâîÏðèáîðîñòðîåíèåÏðîãðàììèðîâàíèåÏðîèçâîäñòâîÏðîìûøëåííîñòüÏñèõîëîãèÿÐàäèîÐåãèëèÿÑâÿçüÑîöèîëîãèÿÑïîðòÑòàíäàðòèçàöèÿÑòðîèòåëüñòâîÒåõíîëîãèèÒîðãîâëÿÒóðèçìÔèçèêàÔèçèîëîãèÿÔèëîñîôèÿÔèíàíñûÕèìèÿÕîçÿéñòâîÖåííîîáðàçîâàíèå×åð÷åíèåÝêîëîãèÿÝêîíîìåòðèêàÝêîíîìèêàÝëåêòðîíèêàÞðèñïóíäåíêöèÿ
ÊÝÓíÑ ÇáÅíãÇä ÈÇááå æãáÇÆßÊå æßÊÈå æÑÓáå
æóåõæó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇááøóåö æóãóáóÇÆößóÊöåö¡ æóßõÊõÈöåö¡ æóÑõÓõáöåö¡ æóÇáúÈóÚúËö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇáúÞóÏóÑö ÎóíúÑöåö æóÔóÑøöåö.
åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãõæÑõ ÇáÓøöÊøóÉõ åöíó ÃóÑúßóÇäõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÊöãøõ ÅöíãóÇäõ ÃóÍóÏò ÅöáøóÇ ÅöÐóÇ Âãóäó ÈöåóÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ Úóáóì ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÇáøóÐöí Ïóáøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóÇáÓøõäøóÉõ¡ Ýóãóäú ÌóÍóÏó ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäúåóÇ Ãóæú Âãóäó Èöåö Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö ÝóÞóÏú ßóÝóÑó.
æóÞóÏú ÐõßöÑóÊú ßõáøõåóÇ Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÌöÈúÑöíáó ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑö Íöíäó ÌóÇÁó Åöáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö r Ýöí ÕõæÑóÉö ÃóÚúÑóÇÈöíøò íóÓúÃóáõåõ Úóäö ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö æóÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÍúÓóÇäö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: { Ãóäú ÊõÄúãöäó ÈöÇááøóåö¡ æóãóáóÇÆößóÊöåö¡ æóßõÊõÈöåö¡ æóÑõÓõáöåö¡ æóÊõÄúãöäó ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóÈöÇáúÞóÏóÑö ÎóíúÑöåö æóÔóÑøöåö Íõáúæöåö æóãõÑøöåö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì } ([26]).
æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ: ÌóãúÚõ ãóáóßò¡ æóÃóÕúáõåõ ãóÃúáóßñ¡ ãöäó ÇáúÃóáõæßóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉõ¡ æóåõãú äóæúÚñ ãöäú ÎóáúÞö Çááøóåö U ÃóÓúßóäóåõãú ÓóãóÇæóÇÊöåö¡ æóæóßøóáóåõãú ÈöÔõÆõæäö ÎóáúÞöåö¡ æóæóÕóÝóåõãú Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÈöÃóäøóåõãú áóÇ íóÚúÕõæäó Çááøóåó ãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõãú æóíóÝúÚóáõæäó ãóÇ íõÄúãóÑõæäó¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú íõÓóÈøöÍõæäó áóåõ ÈöÇááøóíúáö æóÇáäøóåóÇÑö áóÇ íóÝúÊõÑõæäó.
ÝóíóÌöÈõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöãóÇ æóÑóÏó Ýöí ÍóÞøöåöãú ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊò æóÃóÚúãóÇáò Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ æóÇáúÅöãúÓóÇßõ ÚóãøóÇ æóÑóÇÁó Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÅöäøó åóÐóÇ ãöäú ÔõÆõæäö ÇáúÛóíúÈö ÇáøóÊöí áóÇ äóÚúáóãõ ãöäúåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÚóáøóãóäóÇ Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ.
æóÇáúßõÊõÈõ: ÌóãúÚõ ßöÊóÇÈò¡ æóåõæó ãöäó ÇáúßóÊúÈö¡ ÈöãóÚúäóì: ÇáúÌóãúÚö æóÇáÖøóãøö¡ æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáúßõÊõÈõ ÇáúãõäóÒøóáóÉõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Úóáóì ÇáÑøõÓõáö Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ.
æóÇáúãóÚúáõæãõ áóäóÇ ãöäúåóÇ: ÕõÍõÝõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ æóÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃõäúÒöáóÊú Úóáóì ãõæÓóì Ýöí ÇáúÃóáúæóÇÍö¡ æóÇáúÅöäúÌöíáõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóì ÚöíÓóì¡ æóÇáÒøóÈõæÑõ ÇáøóÐöí ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóì ÏóÇæõÏó¡ æóÇáúÞõÑúÂäõ ÇáúßóÑöíãõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÂÎöÑõåóÇ äõÒõæáðÇ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúãõÕóÏøöÞõ áóåóÇ¡ æóÇáúãõåóíúãöäõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóãóÇ ÚóÏóÇåóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ Èöåö ÅöÌúãóÇáðÇ.
æóÇáÑøõÓõáõ: ÌóãúÚõ ÑóÓõæáò¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ãóäú ÃóæúÍóì Çááøóåõ Åöáóíúåö ÈöÔóÑúÚò æóÃóãóÑóåõ ÈöÊóÈúáöíÛöåö.
æóÚóáóíúäóÇ Ãóäú äõÄúãöäó ÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ Èöãóäú Óóãøóì Çááøóåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö ãöäúåõãú¡ æóåõãú ÎóãúÓóÉñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó¡ ÐóßóÑóåõãõ ÇáÔøóÇÚöÑõ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö:
| Ýöí " Êöáúßó ÍõÌøóÊõäóÇ " ãöäúåõãú ËóãóÇäöíóÉñ ÅöÏúÑöíÓõ åõæÏñ ÔõÚóíúÈñ ÕóÇáöÍñ æóßóÐóÇ | ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ÚóÔúÑò æóíóÈúÞóì ÓóÈúÚóÉñ æóåõãõ Ðõæ ÇáúßöÝúáö ÂÏóãõ ÈöÇáúãõÎúÊóÇÑö ÞóÏú ÎõÊöãõæÇ |
æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÚóÏóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáÑøõÓõáö æóÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ÝóäõÄúãöäõ Èöåöãú ÅöÌúãóÇáðÇ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáöÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏö ÈöäõÈõæøóÊöåöãú æóÑöÓóÇáóÊöåöãú¡ Ïõæäó Ãóäú äõßóáøöÝó ÃóäúÝõÓóäóÇ ÇáúÈóÍúËó Úóäú ÚöÏøóÊöåöãú æóÃóÓúãóÇÆöåöãú¡ ÝóÅöäøó Ðóáößó ãöãøóÇ ÇÎúÊóÕøó Çááøóåõ ÈöÚöáúãöåö¡ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: { Wxß™â‘ur ô‰s% öNßg»oYóÁ|Ás% šø‹n=tã `ÏB ã@ö6s% Wxß™â‘ur öN©9 öNßgóÁÝÁø)tR šø‹n=tã 4 } ([27]).
æóíóÌöÈõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÈóáøóÛõæÇ ÌóãöíÚó ãóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáõæÇ Èöåö Úóáóì ãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõãõ Çááøóåõ U æóÈóíøóäõæåõ ÈóíóÇäðÇ áóÇ íóÓóÚõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ ãöãøóäú ÃõÑúÓöáõæÇ Åöáóíúåö Ìóåúáõåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõãú ãóÚúÕõæãõæäó ãöäó ÇáúßóÐöÈö æóÇáúÎöíóÇäóÉö¡ æóÇáúßöÊúãóÇäö æóÇáúÈóáóÇÏóÉö¡ æóÃóäøó ÃóÝúÖóáóåõãú Ãõæáõæ ÇáúÚóÒúãö¡ æóÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ Ãóäøóåõãú: ãõÍóãøóÏñ¡ æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ¡ æóãõæÓóì¡ æóÚöíÓóì¡ æóäõæÍñº áöÃóäøóåõãú ÐõßöÑõæÇ ãóÚðÇ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: { øŒÎ)ur $tRõ‹s{r& z`ÏB z`¿ÍhŠÎ;¨Y9$# öNßgs)»sV‹ÏB šZÏBur `ÏBur 8yqœR tLìÏdºtö/Î)ur 4Óy›qãBur Ó|¤ŠÏãur Èûøó$# zNtƒótB (} ([28]).
æóÞóæúáöåö: { * tíuŽŸ° Nä3s9 z`ÏiB ÈûïÏe$!$# $tB 4Óœ»ur ¾ÏmÎ/ %[nqçR ü“Ï%©!$#ur!$uZøŠym÷rr& y7ø‹s9Î) $tBur $uZøŠ¢¹ur ÿ¾ÏmÎ/ tLìÏdºtö/Î) 4Óy›qãBur #Ó|¤ŠÏãur (÷br& (#qãKŠÏ%r& tûïÏe$!$# Ÿwur (#qè%§xÿtGs? ÏmŠÏù 4 } ([29]).
æó (ÇáúÈóÚúËö) Ýöí ÇáúÃóÕúáö: ÇáúÅöËóÇÑóÉõ æóÇáÊøóÍúÑöíßõ¡ æóÇáúãõÑÇÏõ Èöåö Ýöí áöÓóÇäö ÇáÔøóÑúÚö: ÅöÎúÑóÇÌõ ÇáúãóæúÊóì ãöäú ÞõÈõæÑöåöãú ÃóÍúíóÇÁð íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉöº áöÝóÕúáö ÇáúÞóÖóÇÁö Èóíúäóåõãú¡ Ýóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÎóíúÑðÇ íóÑóåõ¡ æóãóäú íóÚúãóáú ãöËúÞóÇáó ÐóÑøóÉò ÔóÑøðÇ íóÑóåõ.
æóíóÌöÈõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÇáúÈóÚúËö Úóáóì ÇáÕøöÝóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÈóíøóäóåóÇ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøóåõ ÌóãúÚõ ãóÇ ÊóÍóáøóáó ãöäú ÃóÌúÒóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÌúÓóÇÏö ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÅöäúÔóÇÄõåóÇ ÎóáúÞðÇ ÌóÏöíÏðÇ¡ æóÅöÚóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÅöáóíúåóÇ.
æóãõäúßöÑõ ÇáúÈóÚúËö ÇáúÌõÓúãóÇäöíøö ßóÇáúÝóáóÇÓöÝóÉö æóÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ßóÇÝöÑñ¡ æóÃóãøóÇ ãóäú ÃóÞóÑøó Èöåö æóáóßöäøóåõ ÒóÚóãó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íóÈúÚóËõ ÇáúÃóÑúæóÇÍó Ýöí ÃóÌúÓóÇãò ÛóíúÑö ÇáúÃóÌúÓóÇãö ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäóÊú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóǺ Ýóåõæó ãõÈúÊóÏöÚñ æóÝóÇÓöÞñ.
æóÃóãøóÇ (ÇáúÞóÏóÑö)º Ýóåõæó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÕúáö¡ ãóÕúÏóÑñ ÊóÞõæáõ: ÞóÏóÑúÊõ ÇáÔøóíúÁó - ÈöÝóÊúÍö ÇáÏøóÇáö æóÊóÎúÝöíÝöåóÇ - ÃóÞúÏöÑõåõ - ÈößóÓúÑöåóÇ - ÞóÏúÑðÇ æóÞóÏóÑðǺ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÍóØúÊó ÈöãöÞúÏóÇÑöåö.
æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ Èöåö Ýöí áöÓóÇäö ÇáÔøóÑúÚö Ãóäøó Çááøóåó U Úóáöãó ãóÞóÇÏöíÑó ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁö æóÃóÒúãóÇäóåóÇ ÃóÒóáðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÃóæúÌóÏóåóÇ ÈöÞõÏúÑóÊöåö æóãóÔöíÆóÊöåö Úóáóì æóÝúÞö ãóÇ Úóáöãóåõ ãöäúåóÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ßóÊóÈóåóÇ Ýöí ÇááøóæúÍö ÞóÈúáó ÅöÍúÏóÇËöåóǺ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö: { Ãóæøóáõ ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÞóáóãõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ: ÇßúÊõÈú¡ ÞóÇáó: æóãóÇ ÃóßúÊõÈõ¿ ÞóÇáó: ÇßúÊõÈú ßõáøó ãóÇ åõæó ßóÇÆöäñ } ([30]).
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {!$tB z>$|¹r& `ÏB 7pt6ŠÅÁ•B ’Îû ÇÚö‘F{$# Ÿwur þ’Îû öNä3Å¡àÿRr& žwÎ) ’Îû 5=»tGÅ2 `ÏiB È@ö6s% br&!$ydr&uŽö9¯R 4 } ([31]).
Ïîèñê ïî ñàéòó: