ÀâòîÀâòîìàòèçàöèÿÀðõèòåêòóðàÀñòðîíîìèÿÀóäèòÁèîëîãèÿÁóõãàëòåðèÿÂîåííîå äåëîÃåíåòèêàÃåîãðàôèÿÃåîëîãèÿÃîñóäàðñòâîÄîìÄðóãîåÆóðíàëèñòèêà è ÑÌÈÈçîáðåòàòåëüñòâîÈíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêèÈíôîðìàòèêàÈñêóññòâîÈñòîðèÿÊîìïüþòåðûÊóëèíàðèÿÊóëüòóðàËåêñèêîëîãèÿËèòåðàòóðàËîãèêàÌàðêåòèíãÌàòåìàòèêàÌàøèíîñòðîåíèåÌåäèöèíàÌåíåäæìåíòÌåòàëëû è ÑâàðêàÌåõàíèêàÌóçûêàÍàñåëåíèåÎáðàçîâàíèåÎõðàíà áåçîïàñíîñòè æèçíèÎõðàíà ÒðóäàÏåäàãîãèêàÏîëèòèêàÏðàâîÏðèáîðîñòðîåíèåÏðîãðàììèðîâàíèåÏðîèçâîäñòâîÏðîìûøëåííîñòüÏñèõîëîãèÿÐàäèîÐåãèëèÿÑâÿçüÑîöèîëîãèÿÑïîðòÑòàíäàðòèçàöèÿÑòðîèòåëüñòâîÒåõíîëîãèèÒîðãîâëÿÒóðèçìÔèçèêàÔèçèîëîãèÿÔèëîñîôèÿÔèíàíñûÕèìèÿÕîçÿéñòâîÖåííîîáðàçîâàíèå×åð÷åíèåÝêîëîãèÿÝêîíîìåòðèêàÝêîíîìèêàÝëåêòðîíèêàÞðèñïóíäåíêöèÿ

ÂíÉ ÇáßÑÓí ÊÝÓíÑåÇ æÅËÈÇÊåÇ ááÕÝÇÊ

×èòàéòå òàêæå:
  1. ÃÈæ ÚÈÏ ÇáÑÍãä ÇáÃËÑí
  2. ÅßÐÇ ßÇä Ãåá ÇáÚáã æåßÐÇ ßÇä Ãåá ÇáÞÑÂä æÃåá ÇáÍÏíË .
  3. ÈÓã Çááå ÇáÑÍãä ÇáÑÍíã
  4. ÝåÑÓ ÇáÃÍÇÏíË
  5. Ýí æÌæÈ ÅÊÈÇÚ ÇáßÊÇÈ æÇáÓäÉ

æóãóÇ æóÕóÝó Èöåö äóÝúÓóåõ Ýöí ÃóÚúÙóãö ÂíóÉò Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåöº ÍóíúËõ íóÞõæáõ: { ª!$# Iw tm»s9Î) žwÎ) uqèd ÓyÕø9$# ãPq•‹s)ø9$# 4 Ÿw ¼çnä‹è{ù's? ×puZÅ™ Ÿwur ×PöqtR 4 ¼çm©9 $tB ’Îû ÏNºuq»yJ¡¡9$# $tBur ’Îû ÇÚö‘F{$# 3 `tB #sŒ “Ï%©!$# ßìxÿô±o„ ÿ¼çny‰YÏã žwÎ) ¾ÏmÏRøŒÎ*Î/ 4 ãNn=÷ètƒ $tB šú÷üt/ óOÎgƒÏ‰÷ƒr& $tBur öNßgxÿù=yz (Ÿwur tbqäÜŠÅsム&äóÓy´Î/ ô`ÏiB ÿ¾ÏmÏJù=Ïã žwÎ) $yJÎ/ uä!$x© 4 yìÅ™ur çm•‹Å™öä. ÏNºuq»yJ¡¡9$# uÚö‘F{$#ur (Ÿwur ¼çnߊqä«tƒ $uKßgÝàøÿÏm 4 uqèdur ’Í?yèø9$# ÞOŠÏàyèø9$# ÇËÎÎÈ } ([54]).

Ñóæóì ãõÓúáöãñ Ýöí (ÕóÍöíÍöåö) Úóäú ÃõÈóíøö Èúäö ßóÚúÈò Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó r ÓóÃóáóåõ: { Ãóíøõ ÂíóÉò Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÃóÚúÙóãõ¿ ÞóÇáó: Çááøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ¡ ÝóÑóÏøóÏóåóÇ ãöÑóÇÑðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÃõÈóíøñ: ÂíóÉõ ÇáúßõÑúÓöíøö¡ ÝóæóÖóÚó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ íóÏóåõ Úóáóì ßóÊöÝöåö¡ æóÞóÇáó: áöíóåúäößó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚöáúãõ ÃóÈóÇ ÇáúãõäúÐöÑö } ([55])¡ æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò ÚöäúÏó ÃóÍúãóÏó: { æóÇáøóÐöí äóÝúÓöí ÈöíóÏöåö Åöäøó áóåóÇ áöÓóÇäðÇ æóÔóÝóÊóíúäö ÊõÞóÏøöÓõ Çáúãóáößó ÚöäúÏó ÓóÇÞö ÇáúÚóÑúÔö } ([56]).

æóáóÇ ÛóÑúæó¡ ÝóÞóÏö ÇÔúÊóãóáóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãóÉõ ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÁö ÇáÑøóÈøö æóÕöÝóÇÊöåö Úóáóì ãóÇ áóãú ÊóÔúÊóãöáú Úóáóíúåö ÂíóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì.

ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÎúÈóÑó Çááøóåõ ÝöíåóÇ Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÇáúãõÊóæóÍøöÏõ Ýöí ÅöáóåöíøóÊöåö¡ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ÊóäúÈóÛöí ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉõ ÈöÌóãöíÚö ÃóäúæóÇÚöåóÇ æóÓóÇÆöÑö ÕõæóÑöåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ áóåõ.

Ëõãøó ÃóÑúÏóÝó ÞóÖöíøóÉó ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö ÈöãóÇ íóÔúåóÏõ áóåóÇ ãöäú ÐößúÑö ÎóÕóÇÆöÕöåö æóÕöÝóÇÊöåö ÇáúßóÇãöáóÉö¡ ÝóÐóßóÑó Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÍóíøõ ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ßóãóÇáõ ÇáúÍóíóÇÉöº áöÃóäøó ÍóíóÇÊóåõ ãöäú áóæóÇÒöãö ÐóÇÊöåö¡ Ýóåöíó ÃóÒóáöíøóÉñ ÃóÈóÏöíøóÉñ¡ æóßóãóÇáõ ÍóíóÇÊöåö íóÓúÊóáúÒöãõ ËõÈõæÊó ÌóãöíÚö ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúßóãóÇáö ÇáÐøóÇÊöíøóÉö áóåõ¡ ãöäó ÇáúÚöÒøóÉö æóÇáúÞõÏúÑóÉö æóÇáúÚöáúãö æóÇáúÍößúãóÉö æóÇáÓøóãúÚö æóÇáúÈóÕóÑö æóÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉö æóÇáúãóÔöíÆóÉö æóÛóíúÑöåóǺ ÅöÐú áóÇ íóÊóÎóáøóÝõ ÔóíúÁñ ãöäúåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ áöäóÞúÕò Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö¡ ÝóÇáúßóãóÇáõ Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö íóÊúÈóÚõåõ ÇáúßóãóÇáõ Ýöí ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ÇááøóÇÒöãóÉö áöáúÍóíøö.

Ëõãøó ÞóÑóäó Ðóáößó ÈöÇÓúãöåö ÇáúÞóíøõæãö¡ æóãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇãó ÈöäóÝúÓöåö¡ æóÇÓúÊóÛúäóì Úóäú ÌóãöíÚö ÎóáúÞöåö Ûöäðì ãõØúáóÞðÇ áóÇ ÊóÔõæÈõåõ ÔóÇÆöÈóÉõ ÍóÇÌóÉò ÃóÕúáðǺ áöÃóäøóåõ Ûöäðì ÐóÇÊöíøñ¡ æóÈöåö ÞóÇãóÊö ÇáúãóæúÌõæÏóÇÊõ ßõáøõåóÇ¡ Ýóåöíó ÝóÞöíÑóÉñ Åöáóíúåö ÝóÞúÑðÇ ÐóÇÊöíøðÇ¡ ÈöÍóíúËõ áóÇ ÊóÓúÊóÛúäöí Úóäúåõ áóÍúÙóÉð¡ Ýóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÇÈúÊóÏóÃó ÅöíÌóÇÏóåóÇ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÍúæö ãöäó ÇáúÅöÍúßóÇãö æóÇáúÅöÊúÞóÇäö¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íõÏóÈøöÑõ ÃõãõæÑóåóÇ¡ æóíõãöÏøõåóÇ Èößõáøö ãóÇ ÊóÍúÊóÇÌõ Åöáóíúåö Ýöí ÈóÞóÇÆöåóÇ¡ æóÝöí ÈõáõæÛö ÇáúßóãóÇáö ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÏøóÑóåõ áóåóÇ.

ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÓúãõ ãõÊóÖóãøöäñ áöÌóãöíÚö ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúßóãóÇáö ÇáúÝöÚúáöíøóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøó ÇÓúãóåõ ÇáúÍóíøó ãõÊóÖóãøöäñ áöÌóãöíÚö ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúßóãóÇáö ÇáÐøóÇÊöíøóÉö¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ æóÑóÏó Ãóäøó ÇáúÍóíøó ÇáúÞóíøõæãó åõãóÇ ÇÓúãõ Çááøóåö ÇáúÃóÚúÙóãö ÇáøóÐöí ÅöÐóÇ ÓõÆöáó Èöåö ÃóÚúØóì¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÏõÚöíó Èöåö ÃóÌóÇÈó.

Ëõãøó ÃóÚúÞóÈó Ðóáößó ÈöãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ßóãóÇáö ÍóíóÇÊöåö æóÞóíøõæãöíøóÊöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: { Ÿw ¼çnä‹è{ù's? } ([57]) Ãóíú áóÇ ÊóÛúáöÈõåõ { ×puZÅ™ } ([58])º Ãóíú äõÚóÇÓñ { Ÿwur ×PöqtR 4 } ([59])º ÝóÅöäøó Ðóáößó íõäóÇÝöí ÇáúÞóíøõæãöíøóÉóº ÅöÐö Çáäøóæúãõ ÃóÎõæ ÇáúãóæúÊö¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ ßóÇäó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö áóÇ íóäóÇãõæäó.

Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó Úõãõæãó ãöáúßöåö áöÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÚóæóÇáöãö ÇáúÚõáúæöíøóÉö æóÇáÓøõÝúáöíøóÉö¡ æóÃóäøóåóÇ ÌóãöíÚðÇ ÊóÍúÊó ÞóåúÑöåö æóÓõáúØóÇäöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: { ¼çm©9 $tB ’Îû ÏNºuq»yJ¡¡9$# $tBur ’Îû ÇÚö‘F{$# 3 } ([60]).

Ëõãøó ÃóÑúÏóÝó Ðóáößó ÈöãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÊóãóÇãö ãõáúßöåö¡ æóåõæó Ãóäøó ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉó ßõáøóåóÇ áóåõ¡ ÝóáóÇ íóÔúÝóÚõ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÃóÍóÏñ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäöåö.

æóÞóÏú ÊóÖóãøóäó åóÐóÇ ÇáäøóÝúíõ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöËúäóÇÁõ ÃóãúÑóíúäö:

ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ: ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóÉö¡ æóåöíó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÞóÚõ ÈöÅöÐúäöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ áöãóäú íóÑúÖóì Þóæúáóåõ æóÚóãóáóåõ.

æóÇáËøóÇäöí: ÅöÈúØóÇáõ ÇáÔøóÝóÇÚóÉö ÇáÔøöÑúßöíøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäó íóÚúÊóÞöÏõåóÇ ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó áöÃóÕúäóÇãöåöãú¡ æóåöíó ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÔúÝóÚõ áóåõãú ÈöÛóíúÑö ÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö æóÑöÖóÇåõ.

Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó ÓóÚóÉó Úöáúãöåö æóÅöÍóÇØóÊóåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóíúåö ÔóíúÁñ ãöäó ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóáóÉö æóÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉö.

æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÎóáúÞõ ÝóÅöäøóåõãú æóáóÇ íõÍöíØõæäó ÈöÔóíúÁò ãöäú Úöáúãöåö Þöíáó: íóÚúäöí ãöäú ãóÚúáõæãöåö¡ æóÞöíáó: ãöäú Úöáúãö ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö æóÕöÝóÇÊöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Ãóäú íõÚúáöãóåõãú ÅöíøóÇåõ Úóáóì ÃóáúÓöäóÉö ÑõÓõáöåö¡ Ãóæú ÈöÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó ãöäú ØõÑõÞö ÇáúÈóÍúËö æóÇáäøóÙóÑö æóÇáöÇÓúÊöäúÊóÇÌö æóÇáÊøóÌúÑöÈóÉö.

Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó ãóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ÚóÙöíãö ãõáúßöåö¡ æóæóÇÓöÚö ÓõáúØóÇäöåö¡ ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑó Ãóäøó ßõÑúÓöíøóåõ ÞóÏú æóÓöÚó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÌóãöíÚðÇ.

æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ Ýöí ÇáúßõÑúÓöíøö Ãóäøóåõ ÛóíúÑõ ÇáúÚóÑúÔö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ãóæúÖöÚõ ÇáúÞóÏóãóíúäö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ Ýöí ÇáúÚóÑúÔö ßóÍóáóÞóÉò ãõáúÞóÇÉò Ýöí ÝóáóÇÉò.

æóÃóãøóÇ ãóÇ ÃóæúÑóÏóåõ ÇÈúäõ ßóËöíÑò Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö ÇáúßõÑúÓöíøö ÈöÇáúÚöáúãöº ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÕöÍøõ áÃäå ãä ÑæÇíÉ ÌÚÝÑ Èä ÃÈí ÇáãÛíÑÉ Úä ÓÚíÏ Èä ÌÈíÑ Úä ÇÈä ÚÈÇÓ¡ æÞÏ ÞÇá Ýí ÑæÇíÊå áåÐÇ ÇáÃËÑ áã íÊÇÈÚ ÚáíåÇ¡ ÃÝÇÏ Ðáß ÇáÍÇÝÙ ÇáÐåÈí ãä ÊÑÌãÉ ÌÚÝÑ ÇáãÐßæÑ ãä " ÇáãíÒÇä " Ã. åÜ ÅÓãÇÚíá ÇáÃäÕÇÑí¡ æóíõÝúÖöí Åöáóì ÇáÊøóßúÑóÇÑö Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö.

Ëõãøó ÃóÎúÈóÑó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó Úóäú ÚóÙöíãö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö æóßóãóÇáö ÞõæøóÊöåö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: { Ÿwur ¼çnߊqä«tƒ $uKßgÝàøÿÏm 4 } ([61])º Ãóíö: ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ÝöíåöãóÇ.

æóÝóÓøóÑó ÇáÔøóíúÎõ ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ { ¼çnߊqä«tƒ } ([62]) ÈöÜ: (íõËúÞöáõåõ æóíõßúÑöËõåõ)¡ æóåõæó ãöäú ÂÏóåõ ÇáúÃóãúÑõ: ÅöÐóÇ ËóÞõáó Úóáóíúåö.

Ëõãøó æóÕóÝó äóÝúÓóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Ýöí ÎöÊóÇãö Êöáúßó ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö ÈöåóÐóíúäö ÇáúæóÕúÝóíúäö ÇáúÌóáöíáóíúäöº æóåõãóÇ: { ’Í?yèø9$# } ([63])¡ æó { ÞOŠÏàyèø9$# ÇËÎÎÈ } ([64]).

ÝóÇáúÚóáöíøõ: åõæó ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ÇáúÚõáõæøõ ÇáúãõØúáóÞõ ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúæõÌõæåö: Úõáõæøö ÇáÐøóÇÊö: æóßóæúäöåö ÝóæúÞó ÌóãöíÚö ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞóÇÊö ãõÓúÊóæöíðÇ Úóáóì ÚóÑúÔöåö.

æóÚõáõæøö ÇáúÞóÏúÑö: ÅöÐú ßóÇäó áóåõ ßõáøõ ÕöÝóÉö ßóãóÇáò¡ æóáóåõ ãöäú Êöáúßó ÇáÕøöÝóÉö ÃóÚúáóÇåóÇ æóÛóÇíóÊõåóÇ.

æóÚõáõæøö ÇáúÞóåúÑö: ÅöÐú ßóÇäó åõæó ÇáúÞóÇåöÑó ÝóæúÞó ÚöÈóÇÏöåö æóåõæó ÇáúÍóßöíãõ ÇáúÎóÈöíÑõ.

æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÚóÙöíãõ ÝóãóÚúäóÇåõ ÇáúãóæúÕõæÝõ ÈöÇáúÚóÙóãóÉö¡ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ÔóíúÁó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäúåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÌóáøõ¡ æóáóÇ ÃóßúÈóÑõ¡ æóáóåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÇáÊøóÚúÙöíãõ ÇáúßóÇãöáõ Ýöí ÞõáõæÈö ÃóäúÈöíóÇÆöåö æóãóáóÇÆößóÊöåö æóÃóÕúÝöíóÇÆöåö.


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Âñå ìàòåðèàëû ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà ñàéòå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ öåëüþ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ÷èòàòåëÿìè è íå ïðåñëåäóþò êîììåð÷åñêèõ öåëåé èëè íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ. Ñòóäàëë.Îðã (0.004 ñåê.)