Figure 2: Apical pronunciation manner

II. R: All Russian voiceless consonants are weak or lenis (formed with a small amount of air pressure) in all possible positions

/ п, п’, т, т’ … etc./.

E: All English voiceless consonants are very strong or fortis (formed with a large amount of air pressure), especially in some positions. But every student should bear in mind that English plosives

/ p, t, k / are not strong in certain phonetic contexts. See I.7.

III. R: Each consonant of Russian is commonly classified as to

the presence or absence of voice. All Russian voiced consonants are strong /д, д’, б, б’… etc. /.

E: All English voiced consonants are weak: / b, d, g, v … etc./.

Specifying these features of consonants we need to mention that voiced/voiceless character is of great relevance in Russian.

In English, fortis/lenis character of a consonant is of greater relevance than that of voiced/voiceless one.

IV. R: Voiced consonants do not exist in final position in a word: коз / кос /, столбов / сталбоф /, рожь / рош / etc.

E: Lenis consonants are never devoiced in final position but they are much weaker in that position than they are in the initial position of a word: seed / s ί d^>w /, close/ k l @ÙU Z^>w /, leave/ l ί v^>w / etc.

V. R: Palatalization in Russian is a phonemic phenomenon. There exists a group of palatalized consonants phonemically opposed to a group of non-palatalized consonants: / м // м’ /, / п // п’ /, / л // л’/.

It is easy to fall into the trap of thinking, for instance, that palatalization in Russian is realized within the consonant itself. It has been proved, that it is revealed in the " и - beginning” of the neighbouring vowel: тётя / т^и о т^и а /, дядя / д^и а д^и а / etc.

E: There shouldn't be any palatalization in English, but

to our regret it exists as a mistake in the speech of Russian learners of English. It occurs, as a rule, in the realization of consonants preceding front closed vowels / K / and / ί /, for example: pill / pKl /, meal/ mίl / etc.

If the bulk of the tongue is raised very high in the direction of a hard palate, like in the process of articulating Russian / и /, we face the process of palatalization. It is considered to be a strong accent in E.

VI. R: Neither nasal nor oral sonants in Russian are syllabic.

E: Some nasal and oral sonants are syllabic if they follow some noise consonants: / 'gÙA dÙn /, / 'bÙ{ tÙl /, / ÙK 'lÙe vÙn /:

Figure 3: Noise + sonant = a syllable. ( / 'gÙA dÙn /)

VII. R: Lips can be called “inert” or “flaccid” in Russian. There's

no tenseness in muscular force spread over the whole surface of lips.

Figure 4: Russian / п /

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