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LAX, FRONT, MID-OPEN(close variation), UNROUNDED
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/ e /
▼ ▼ ▼
[ e‾ ] [ e˅ ] [ e ↑ ]
said ten well
net
The front of the tongue is raised between the half-open and half-close positions; the lips are loosely spread and are slightly wider apart than for / K /. Thetongue may have more tension than in the case of / K /; the side rims make a light contact with the upper molars.
| lead (n.) ten let less dell | ate cell Ellen let – lead set - said |
DRILL 6
WEAK, FORELINGUAL (alveolar), CONSTRICTIVE, NOISE
/ z /
▼ ▼
[ z<w ] [ z >w ]
zeal tease
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the tip and blade of the tongue make a light contact with the upper alveolar ridge, and the side rims of the tongue form a close contact with the upper side teeth. The air-stream escapes by means of a narrow groove in the centre of the tongue and causes friction between the tongue and the alveolar ridge. There is some vocal fold vibration according to its situation. The lip position will depend upon the adjacent vowel.
| Zen zee zest zeal ease tease | easy seize easel zeal – leas (pl.) zee - ease sip - zip |
DRILL 7
/ K / - / e /
| dill – dell sit – set nil –Nell knit – net | till - tell tin - ten lid – lead (n.) lit - let |
DRILL 8
LAX, FRONT, OPEN, UNROUNDED
/ { /
▼ ▼
[ {‾ ] [ {˅ ]
lad lap
The mouth is more open than for / e /; the front of the tongue is raised just below the half-open position, with the side rims making a very slight contact with the back upper molars; the lips are neutrally open.
| tan dad lad tally tansy sassy natty | sad land stand tans (pl.) as - ass sad - sat add - at |
DRILL 9
CONTRAST / e / - / { /
| end – and led – lad send – sand ten – tan set – sat dead – dad said – sad | tend - tanned net - natty test - tassel less - lass den - Dan send(s) – sand(s) lend(s) – land(s) |
DRILL 10
CONTRAST / t / - / d /
| t” – “d:” tin – din ten – den Tim – dim till – dill tan – Dan tell – dell teen – dean | net - Ned set - said let – lead(n.) tint – tinned sent - send tent - tend lent - lend seat – seed |
DRILL 11
STRONG, FORELINGUAL (post-alveolar), CONSTRICTIVE, NOISE
/ S /
▼ ▼
[ S ← ] [ S →]
shall lash
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the tip and blade of the tongue make a light contact with the alveolar ridge, the front of the tongue being raised at the same time in the direction of the hard palate and the side rims of the tongue being in contact with the upper side teeth.
| shed sheet shin shall sheen shell shinny sheeny | leash dash sash dishes(pl.) lashes(pl.) shall – lash shad – dash sham – mash |
DRILL 12
STRONG*, BILABIAL, OCCLUSIVE,NOISE
/ p /
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
[ p1 ] [ 2 p2 ] [ p33 ] [ p× ]
pea pill lip speak
apt
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the primary obstacle to the air-stream is provided by the closure of the lips. Lung air is compressed behind this closure, during which stage the vocal folds are held wide apart for / p /. The air escapes with force when the lip closure is released.
| piece pan pet pin pat peep | sleep spit sheep lap zip deep |
* It is not strong in all positions. See page 24.
DRILL 13
CONTRAST [ p1 ] – [ p2 ] – [ p3 ]
| peal – leap pin – nip pill – lip piece – seep | pad - dap pit - tip pal - lap pat - tap |
DRILL 14
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