From this aspect the structure of the sentence may be understood as a sequence of interrelated elements, paradigmatically established in various parts of the sentence

There’s the question about the criteria that can prove to be a reliable basis for establishing parts of the sentence.

Смирницкий – 2 criteria:

1. The kind of a syntactic relation between the parts of the sentence. There are 4 kinds of syntactic relations.

1) The relations between the doer and the action. (The president arrives. The president’s arrival).

2) Between the action and its object (They delivered the mail. The mail’s delivery).

3) Between the action and its circumstances (delivered in the morning. The morning delivery).

4) Between a person and a property (the scenery was beautiful. The beautiful scenery).

The criterion alone isn’t sufficient, because one and the same kind of relation is reflected both in different parts of the sentence and the components of the phrase.

2. The character of the syntactic bond between the parts of the sentence.

1) The predicative syntactic bond. It makes a sentence and is found between the subject and the predicate.

2) The non-predicative syntactic bond, which is subdivided:

· Complimentary – between the predicate and the object and the predicate and the adverbial modifier.

· Attributive – forms an attributive word combination as a part of the sentence.

The main parts of the sentence are those that take part in expressing predicativity which makes a sentence. Predicativity - relation of what has been said about objects and phenomena of real life. But sometimes a sentence cannot exist without some secondary parts. (Не went. He struck. No object ->incorrect.)

Another approach: in order to differentiate between those parts that are indispensable for the structure of the sentence and those that can be omitted it’s possible to devide them into 2 groups:

1. Basic (the subject + the predicate + something else)

2. Optional – which a sentence may have or not.

The basis of difference between the basic and optional parts is their ability to form the semantic syntactic minimum of the sentence/

But it is better to rely on predicativity – thus there are main parts and secondary parts.

The principal parts of the sentence: the subject & the predicate.

The subject sometimes defined as a word or a group of words that denote a person or the thing spoken of in the sentence. But it’s not complete and old.

Ильиш said that the definition must contain at least 3 items:

1) The meaning of this or that part of the sentence

2) Its syntactic relations with other parts of speech

3) Its morphological manifestation.

ð The Subject is one of the 2 main parts of sentence, it denotes the thing whose action or characteristics is expressed by the predicate and it’s not dependent on any other part of the sentence.

It can be expressed by different parts of speech. The most frequent – a noun in the common case, a demonstrative pronoun occasionally, a substantivized adjective, a numeral, infinitive and a gerund.

BUT

Pr. Блох: it’s not fully independent part of the sentence – the thing is between the subject and the predicate those don’t exist without each other. T he subject is the person modifier of a predicate.

Classification.

Бархударов divided subjects into 2 groups:

- A simple subject that consists of one part but not one word.

- A compound subject that consists of 2 parts, one of them is purely structural (anticipatory “it”, introductory “there”) and the other is notional.

The Predicate.

Ильиш: The predicate is one of two main parts of the sentence, it denotes the action or property of the thing denoted by the subject. It’s not dependent on any other parts of speech.

BUT

Pr. Блох: it’s not fully independent part of the sentence – the thing is between the subject and the predicate those don’t exist without each other. The predicate is the process modifier of a subject.

Classification.

4 classes of predicates:

- A simple verbal (consists of 1 part)

- A simple nominal (consists of two parts, one of them – semi-auxiliary, other - notional)

- A compound verbal

- A compound nominal

The simple verbal predicate is found in a majority of sentences. It is expressed by one of the finite forms of the verb (She reads well). But here we can find also simple verbal phraseological predicate (we had a rest, he is jumping on your toes).

The simple nominal predicate is a rare type. It occurs in sentences where the very idea of connection between the subject and the predicate seems to be absurd (George minds tennis on Sunday).

The compound verbal predicate consists of 2 parts: (modal) the semi-auxiliary part which is expressed by one of the modal verbs or the construction “used to” and the notional part – the infinitival group (I can take a day off whenever I want). (aspective) with aspective verbs – to begin, finish, continue, seem to do…(He seems to be there. He stopped singing).

The compound nominal predicate sonsists of 2 parts: the 1^st – semi-auxiliary part is expressed by one of the link verbs (the linking part). The 2^nd is expressed by noun, the adj., adverb, prepositional group (the day as sunny. She looks happy).

Object.

Blokh: Object - the substance modifier of processial part of sentence, secondary part. It’s connected with predicate/some other processual part, meaning of person/thing that are in connection with process/property denoted by predicate.

Classification – Ганшина, Василевская: direct, indirect, retained (they showed us their flat. We were shown their flat. Their flat was shown us), cognate, prepositional, complex.

Cognate obj – after some transitive verb, similar to verb and noun in meaning, derived from the same root (They fought a good fight, They slept a long sleep). This classification lacks consistency.

Syntactic classification – based on syntactic bound between object and predicate – non-prepositional (connection isn’t based on prepositions), prepositional – introduced by prepositions.

Ильиш: this cl-n can be applied only to direct/indirect objects that are expressed by noun/pronoun (We bought him a candy). Both direct, indirect objects are found only after verbs of given type.

Object can be expressed by noun, noun equivalent, personal pronoun in objective case, demonstrative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, substantivized adj, infinite, gerund.

Поиск по сайту: