Образование отрицательных форм

БЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

ФАКУЛЬТЕТ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ И СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

Кафедра иностранных языков

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

учебно-методический комплекс

Часть II. Грамматика

МИНСК

Авторы-составители:

В.Ф. Толстоухова, Е.С. Пристром, Е.Ю. Рыжкова

При подготовке учебно-методического комплекса

использовались материалы следующих авторов:

R. Carter, J. Dooley, J. Eastwood, V. Evans, B.D. Graver,

R. Hughes, M. McCarthy, M. Swan, A.J. Thomson, E. Walker,

C. Walter, М.А. Давыдова, Т.Б. Клементьева, Н.М. Карпышева,

В.Н. Янушков.

Английский язык: Учеб.-метод. комплекс / Сост. В.Ф. Толстоухова, Е.С. Пристром, Е.Ю. Рыжкова..– Мн.: БГУ, 2001-2003.- Ч. 2: Грамматика.– 2002.-145 с.

© Толстоухова В.Ф., Пристром Е.С., Рыжкова Е.Ю. 2002

© ФУСТ БГУ, 2002

РАЗДЕЛ 1. ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ФОРМ

Система видо-временных форм английского глагола

В изъявительном наклонении

Английский глагол в изъявительном наклонении может быть употреблен в одной из 20 видо-временных форм, которые образуются из грамматических категорий времени, вида, аспекта, залога. См. таблицу.

*V означает verb – глагол

**V₂ – форма Past Simple неправильных глаголов

*** V₃ – форма Participle II неправильных глаголов

Note 1. Таблица неправильных глаголов дана на стр. 20

В традиционном названии форм изъявительного наклонения называются только маркированные категории. Если аспект и вид немаркированные, то в названии после категории времени добавляется Simple или Indefinite.

Чтобы получить название видо-временной формы необходимо действовать следующим образом:

Has been asked

Выделить первый элемент слева на право и определить время.

К первому элементу добавить следующий за ним справа, проанализировав два элемента, определить вид и аспект.

К последнему элементу добавить следующий за ним, проанализировав два, определить залог. См. образец.

has – Present

has been – Perfect

been asked – Passive. Название этой формы – Present Perfect Passive

Was asked

was – Past

was asked – Passive, (так как в форме нет маркированных признаков вида и аспекта, т.е. Non Perfect, Non Continuous, то в названии после категории времени дописываем Simple) Название формы следующее: Past Simple Passive

1. Определите названия следующих видо-временных форм, исходя из маркированных грамматических категорий.

1. was accompanied, had accompanied, will have accompanied, was accompanying, had been accompanied, has been accompanied, will be accompanied, has accompanied, was being accompanied, is accompanying, is accompanied, accompanied, accompanies, accompany, will be accompanying, will have been accompanied.

2. will have credited, had credited, had been credited, was crediting, is crediting, will have been credited, is credited, will be crediting, was credited, will be credited, credit, credited, has credited, will have been credited, will credit, credits, has been credited, were crediting, are credited.

3. has painted, was painting, paints, has been painted, painted, will be painting, have been painting, is painting, had painted, had been painted, were painted, has been painting, were painting, is painted, paint, will be painted, are painted, will paint, is being painted.

4. is spoken, was spoken, is speaking, has spoken, was being spoken, had spoken, will be spoken, will be speaking, had been speaking, have spoken, speaks, is being spoken, are speaking, will have been spoken, are speaking, speak, were being spoken, will have been speaking.

2. Определите видо-временные формы сказуемых в предложениях.

1.They have beaten us at football for the last five years. 2. Someone broke his mirror last night. 3. The towels in the hotel are washed every day. 4. I carried the suitcase into the hall. 5. I won’t send the parcel until I hear from you. 6.We are staying at home tonight. 7.He was waiting at the station. 8. We seldom saw them in the evening. 9.Susan is working hard. 10.I shall be watching football at six. 10. Mr. And Mrs. Charlton have been living in Portland Street for five years. 11. They tried to move several times, but this has no t been possible.12.Several people have looked for the property, but quickly lost interest. 13. The water level has been rising since 1996, and has damaged the whole of the ground floor.14. The Charltons have been keeping the water back with sandbags. 15. This had not been done before. 16. Many new houses are being built in Minsk. 17. Some of the towns were founded about twenty years ago. 18. Since that time a lot of dwellings have been built. 19. New material has been explained this week. 20. It was snowing when I went out. 21.She has been talking on the phone for a long time.

Все видо-временные формы английского глагола могут быть представлены в таблице.

Note: 1) the endings with he, she, and it. If the verb ends in ss, sh, ch, or x, add es: He finish es (finish ends in sh) She watch es (watch ends in ch)

2) при образовании Ved: I tr y → I tr ied (y предшествует согласная), но pla y → pla yed (y предшествует гласная)

если глагол заканчивается на гласный+согласный, то согласный удваивается: trav el → trave ll ed, st op → sto pp ed

3. Заполните графы таблицы номерами соответствующих видо-временных форм.

1.are collecting, 2.has collected, 3.are being collected, 4.is collecting, 5.shall have collected, 6.are being collected, 7.had collected, 8.will have collected, 9.will be collecting, 10.was collecting, 11.is being collected, 12.were collecting, 13.will collect, 14.have been collected, 15.shall be collecting, 16.have collected, 17.am collecting, 18.has been collected, 19.shall collect, 20.had been collected, 21.will have been collected, 22.collects, 23.shall have collected, 24. collected.

Образование отрицательных форм

Все видо-временные формы кроме Present Simple и Past Simple состоят из двух элементов и более, отрицательная форма образуется путем постановки частицы not после первого элемента сказуемого.

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