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Раздел 4. Другие случаи употребления глагола в видо-временных формах
| Present simple | Present continuous | Present perfect | Present perfect continuous | |
| Слова-инди-каторы | usually, often, always, sometimes, never, occasionally, every day/week/month/year, in the morning / afternoon / evening, at night, at the weekend, on Saturdays, once a week, и т.д. | now, at the moment, at present, these days, still, nowadays, today, tonight | for, since, so far, up to now, lately, recently, already, yet, just, always, ever, never, today, this week/month, how long, still (в отрицательных предложениях) | for, since, how long, all day /night/morning, и т.д. |
| Use | Обозначает – регулярные, повторяющиеся действия: I catch the 8 o'clock train every day. He works in a bank. – общеизвестные истины Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade. Cats don't like water. – действие, которое произойдет в будущем согласно расписанию, программе, маршруту The train leaves at 3.30 this afternoon. The Prime Minister starts his official visit to China tomorrow. | Обозначает – действия, происходящие в момент речи Where's David? He' s doing his homework. – действия, которые происходят в настоящий период времени (необязательно в момент речи) 'And what' s Linda doing these days?' 'She' s doing a course in engineering.' (Linda may not be studying engineering at this minute.) | Обозначает – действие, которое произошло в прошлом, а результат его важен либо очевиден в настоящем She has just washed her hair. They' ve already done their homework. Указывает на – опыт, который люди приобрели, совершив действия в прошлом, и который стал частью их настоящего He' s taught English in five different countries. Have you been round the National Gallery? | Обозначает – действие, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается до настоящего момента Sam has been talking on the phone for half an hour. (he is still talking) – действие, которое началось в прошлом, продолжалось какое-то время, но к настоящему моменту закончилось (подчеркивается важность длительности действия, тогда как в Perfect более значим результат) |
| Употребляется – для обозначения действия, которое происходит в данный момент, с глаголами, которые не употребляются в Continuous (Note 1) Adrian needs your help. That coat belongs to me. – в придаточных предложениях времени и условия для обозначения будущего времени; после союзов when, if, unless, before, after, until, as soon as, whenever, etc: I'll give her the message whenshe comes back. Will you tell me if you see her? | – действие, которое запланировано совершить в ближайшем будущем (особенно, когда определенно время и место) We' re driving up to Scotland next week. – изменяющуюся или развивающуюся тенденцию Venice is falling into the sea. Употребляется – с наречиями always, constantly, continually для обозначения действий, которые происходят очень часто и вызывают раздражение, недовольство You' re constantly interrupting me when I'm talking. | После конструкций to be + порядковое числительное или прилагательное в превосходной степени This is the first time I' ve been to London. She is the most honest person I' ve ever met. – действие, которое произошло в течение определенного периода времени, и этот период еще не закончен She has taken fifteen pictures today (период времени – today – еще не закончен, она может еще сделать снимки) – действие, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается до настоящего момента, с глаголами, которые не употребляются в Continuous (особенно с be, have, like, know, etc) Rachel has had the dog for three years. | 'You look tired. What have you been doing?' 'I' vebeen playing football.' Her feet hurt. She has been walking all morning. Сравните: Present Perfect подчеркивает результат действия, может быть указание на точное число выполненных заданий: I' ve typed four reports so far. Present Perfect Continuous подчеркивает длительность действия: I' vebeen typing reports all morning. |
Note 1.
Глаголы, обозначающие состояния, а не действие, обычно не употребляются в Continuous. К таки глаголам можно отнести:
а) глаголы, выражающие предпочтения: like, love, dislike, hate, enjoy, prefer, adore и т.д.
б) глаголы, обозначающие чувства, ощущения: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, look, sound. С данными глаголами часто употребляется модальный глагол can (could): Jim must be at home. I can see his car parked outside.
в) глаголы умственной деятельности: know, believe, understand, realise, remember, forget, notice, recognise, think, seem, see (=understand), expect (=think) и т.д.
г) некоторые другие глаголы, такие как be, contain, include, belong, fit, need, matter, cost, mean, own, want, owe, have (=possess), require, weigh, wish, keep (=continue) и т.д.
Но, некоторые из выше приведенных глаголов используются в Continuous, если они означают действие, а не состояние:
| 1. | I think he's lying. (=believe) |
| I'm thinking about the plan. (=am considering) | |
| 2. | The food tastes delicious. (=has a delicious flavour) |
| He is tasting the food. (=is testing the flavour of) | |
| 3. | I can see some people. (=perceive with my eyes) |
| I see what you mean. (=understand) | |
| I'm seeing my doctor tomorrow. (=am meeting) | |
| 4. | This perfume smells nice. (=has a nice smell) |
| He is smelling the milk. (=is sniffing) | |
| 5. | The baby's hair feels like silk. (=has the texture of) |
| She is feeling the baby's forehead. (=is touching) | |
| 6. | Bob has a Porsche. (=possesses) |
| He's having a shower at the moment. (=is taking a shower) | |
| 7. | This dress fits you perfectly. (=it is the right size) |
| We are fitting new locks. (=are putting in) | |
| 8. | He is a rude person. (=character – permanent state) |
| He is being rude. (=behaviour – temporary situation, usually with adjectives such as careful, silly, (im)polite, lazy, etc.) |
Note 2.
С глаголами live, work, teach и feel (=have a particular emotion) можно использовать как Present Perfect, так и Present Perfect Continuous без разницы в значении.
We have lived / have been living here for twenty years.
Note 3.
Ø Наречия частотности (always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom/rarely, never, etc) употребляются перед основным глаголом (read, work, etc), но после глагола to be, вспомогательных глаголов (do, have, etc) и модальных глаголов (can, should, etc). Эти наречия ставятся перед вспомогательными глаголами в кратких ответах.
Susan often goes skiing at the weekend.
Kim is sometimes rude to other people.
You can always call me if you need help.
Do you help your mother with the housework? – Yes, I usually do.
Ø Выражения every day, once/twice a week/month, most mornings/evenings, etc ставятся в начале или в конце предложения. А usually, often, sometimes, normally, occasionally – в начале или в конце предложения для подчеркивания передаваемого ими значения.
We go on holiday twice a year.
Usually, I finish work at five.
I feel bored sometimes.
Ø Наречия never, seldom, rarely имеют отрицательное значение, поэтому они никогда не употребляются с частицей not.
I rarely go to bed late. NOT: I rarely don't go …
1. Identify the tenses, then match them to the correct descriptions.
| 1. The plane to Sydney leaves at eleven o'clock. 2. I have written two letters this morning. 3. They're going on holiday on Saturday. 4. Graham has known Errol for five years. 5. You're always leaving the door open. 6. We are rehearsing a new play at the moment. 7. George has bought a new car. 8. Lisa has been cleaning the house all morning. 9. Look! Alison has dyed her hair! 10. More and more people are recycling their rubbish. | a) actions which started in the past and continue up to the present b) action which has recently finished and whose result is visible in the present c) to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present d) to express criticism or annoyance e) timetables and programmes f) actions that we have arranged to do in the near future g) action which has happened within a specific time period which is not over at the moment of speaking h) action which happened at an unstated time in the past i) changing or developing situations j) temporary actions |
2. Put the adverbs of frequency in the correct position.
1. A: Do you wear sunglasses in the winter?
B: No, I do. (never)
No, I never do.
2. A: Do you like fishing, Alan?
B: Yes, I go fishing at weekends, (sometimes)
3. A: Do you go to the gym very often?
B: Yes, I go. (once a week)
4. A: How often do you visit your parents?
B: I visit them, (every weekend)
5. A: Do you eat in restaurants very often?
B: No, I do. (rarely)
6. A: Do you like oysters?
B: I don't know. I have eaten oysters, (never)
7. A: How often do you go on holiday?
B: I go on holiday, (once a year)
8. A: When do you read your post?
B: I read it on the way to work, (usually)
9. A: Shall I lock the door?
B: Of course. You should lock the door when you go out. (always)
10. A: You are breaking things! (always)
B: I'm sorry. I don't mean to.
3. Underline the correct word in bold.
1. I always/already do the housework on Saturdays.
2. We haven't booked our summer holiday just/yet.
3. My brother has just/ever joined the football club.
4. Linda has already/ever bought a new dress for the party.
5. Have you so far/ever tasted Japanese food?
6. Joe has been in Paris since/for two weeks.
7. I have never/just seen this film before.
8. The secretary has typed twenty letters yet/so far this morning.
9. I have been working here since/still July.
10. The Taylors have moved house recently/so far.
11. They still/already haven't employed a new supervisor.
4. Underline the correct tense.
1. The plane leaves/has left at four o'clock. We must be at the airport by two o'clock.
2. It gets/is getting colder and colder every day.
3. Have you seen Linda? I have been looking/am looking for her for almost an hour.
4. Sam is a very interesting person. He knows/has known all kinds of unusual facts.
5. First, you are heating/heat the oven to a temperature of 180°C.
6. Have you heard the news? They have just elected/ have been electing a new club chairman!
7. Martha is finding/has found a new job. She is starting next week.
8. The teacher has been correcting/has corrected essays for three hours.
9. Michael's car broke down last week, so he uses/is using his father's for the time being.
10. It rarely gets/is getting very hot in Britain.
5. Choose the correct answer.
1. 'I met our new boss this morning.'
'I ______ him, too. He's very nice.'
A am meeting В have been meeting С have met
2. '______ in a hotel?'
'No, but my parents did last summer in Rome.'
A Have you ever stayed В Did you ever stay С Are you ever staying
3. 'Who is in that new film?'
'Well, a young actress ______ the leading role.'
A has been playing В plays С has played
4. 'Is David at home?'
'Yes, but he ______ a shower at the moment.'
A is having В has been having С has
5. 'Why are you so upset?'
'I ______ my favorite ring.'
A lose В have been losing С have lost
6. 'Have you found a house yet?'
'No. I ______ with my aunt at the moment.'
A stay В am staying С have stayed
6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present form.
1. A: Tortoises ______live______ (live) to be very old.
B: I've heard of one which is over a hundred years old.
2. A: Are you still busy?
B: Yes. I ______ (read) this article for an hour and I still ______ (not/finish).
3. A: More and more people ______ (go) to university these days.
B: Yes. I think it's a good thing.
4. A: I ______ (have) a party tonight. Do you want to come?
B: Yes. What time does it start?
5. A: Why are your shoes wet?
B: I ______ (wash) the car.
6. A: What's the matter?
B: I ______ (break) my ankle.
7. A: What do I need to do next?
B: You ______ (add) the sugar to the mixture and you ______ (mix) it well.
8. A: Who ______ (use) my car?
B: I have.
9. A: Are you new here?
B: No. Actually, I ______ (live) here for almost ten years.
10. A: Pete is playing his music very loud.
B: Again! He ______ (always/do) that!
11. A: Have you made plans for Saturday yet?
B: I ______ (go) to the cinema with Jack.
12. A: Mr Collins is a very good teacher.
B: Well, he ______ (teach) Maths for twenty-five years, you know.
13. A: Are you going to the concert on Saturday night?
B: Yes. Actually, I ______ (already/buy) the tickets.
14. A: Hello, Simon.
B: Oh! We ______ (always/meet) each other in this supermarket.
7. a) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
Dear Kathleen,
I 1) ______ (write) to tell you my news. My school 2) ______ (choose) me to spend six weeks at a school in the USA. I'm very happy about it!
At the moment, I 3)______ (pack) things for my trip, because I 4) ______ (leave) next week. My mother 5) ______ (book) the ticket.
I 6) ______ (wait) for this opportunity for ages, so I'm very excited. I 7) ______ (finish) reading two books about the USA and I 8)______ (borrow) another one from the school library. I 9) ______ (become) more and more nervous every day!
Well, I must go now. I've got a lot of things to do. I'll write to you from the USA.
Love, Tracy
b) Which of the present forms in the text above are used to express:
1. actions which happened at an unstated time in the past
2. actions which started in the past and continue up to the present with emphasis on duration
3. actions happening at or around the moment of speaking
4. changing and developing situations
5. actions that we have arranged to do in the near future
8. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or the present continuous.
1. A: Why ______are you smelling______ (you/smell) the soap?
B: It ______ (smell) lovely. It's like roses!
2. A: Why ______ (you/taste) the soup?
B: To see if it ______ (taste) good. I think it needs more salt.
3. A: I ______ (feel) very tired.
B: You should go to bed early.
4. A: I ______ (see) Andy this evening.
B: I ______ (see). So, you don't want to come to the cinema with me, do you?
5. A: How much ______ (the bag of apples/weigh)?
B: I don't know yet. The man ______(weigh) the bag now.
6. A: I ______ (think) about buying a new car soon.
B: Why? I ______ (think) your car is fine. You don't need a new one.
7. A: What ______ (you/look) at?
B: The sky. It ______ (look) as if it's going to rain.
8. A: I really ______ (enjoy) home-made food.
B: So do I, and I ______ (enjoy) every bit of this meal.
9. A: Why ______ (you/feel) the radiator?
B: It______. (feel) cold in here. Is the heating on?
10. A: That famous opera singer ______ (appear) at the opera house tonight.
B: Yes. He ______ (appear) to be feeling better after his operation.
11. A: Chris ______ (be) a sensible person, isn't he?
B: Yes, but in this case he ______ (be) rather foolish.
12. A: My dad ______ (fit) the old blind from the living room in my bedroom today.
B: Really? ______ (it/fit) that window?
13. A: My back ______ (hurt).
B: Why don't you lie down for a while?
9. Circle the correct form of the verb in these sentences.
1. You're very quiet. What (do you think /are you thinking) about?
2. What (are you thinking /(do you think) about the new sports centre?
3. I'm sorry (I'm not agreeing / I don't agree) with you.
4. (Are you looking / Do you look) for me?
5. (Do you prefer / Are you preferring) walking to cycling?
6. (I don't like / I'm not liking) him at the moment.
7. (I hear / I'm hearing) you're leaving us.
8. I'm afraid (I'm not remembering / I don't remember) where we met.
9. (Do you listen / Are you listening) to the radio at the moment?
10. (I'm hating / I hate) cold evenings.
11. (I'm not looking forward / I don't look forward) to my holiday.
12. (They're looking / They look) at clothes at the moment.
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