The OE Verb

Lecture VI

I. Non-finite forms of the verb and their categories

1.1. The Infinitive

1.2. The Participle

II. Grammatical categories of the finite verb

2.1. Person

2.2. Number

2.3. Tense

2.4. Mood

III. Morphological classification of verbs in OE

3.1. Strong

3.2. Weak

3.3. Preterite-present

3.4. Anomalous

1. The Infinitive

2. {-an} (sinʒ an) and {-ian} (luf ian)

3. not conjugated, but declined

4. ber an, ter an, scac an – the Nom case (the uninflected Infinitive)

5. tō ber enne (anne), ter enne, scac anne – the Dat case (the inflected Infinitive)

6. tō – a preposition in OE

7. {-anne/-enne}

8. onʒinnan and bēōn (wesan)

9. tō bind anne, tō baþi anne

10. He cymeth tō dēmenne cwicum and dēādum

11. Ic onʒan tō drincanne

12. a declinable noun

13. { -an/-ian }

14. incomplete predication

15. blinnan “переставать”, ʒewunian “иметь обыкновение”

16. Þū meaht sinʒan

17. Rōmāne blunnon rīcsian on Breotone

18. The Participle

19. {-end(e)} – Participle I

20. the Present tense stem + end(e)

21. Fremman “to do” à 1^st pers., Present tense fremme à Part. I fremm ende “doing” = “делающий”

22. OE ond ūt wæs ʒonʒende tō neata scipene

23. {-n or -ed/-od} – Participle II

24. {ʒe-}

25. ʒe-writen (written)

ā-drenced (drowned)

26. a-stems – masculine/neuter

27. ō-stems – feminine

28. Berend ne man “несущего человека”, Acc, Sg, masc., Part. I

29. n-stems

30. Þisne berend an man “того несущего человека”, Acc, Sg, masc., Part. I

31. Wē synd āworpene hider

32. Ic wrīt e þū wrīt est hē wrīt eð

я пишу ты пишешь он пишет

Ic dēm e þū dēm st hē dēm ð/þ

я сужу ты судишь он судит

33. Wrīt aþ – Indicative Present Pl for all persons

Wrīt e – Subjunctive Present Sg for all persons

Wrīt en – Subjunctive Present Pl for all persons

34. Ic rīs e wē rīs aþ PresInd

Ic rīs e wē rīs en PresSubj

Rīs – Impertive Sg

Rīs aþ – Imperative Pl

35. Preterite-present (now: modal) verbs sculan and willan

36. Ic sinʒe tō dæʒ oððe tō merʒen

37. …forþǣm ʒe sculon … ʒan

38. Hē sǣde þæt þæt land sie (Subj.) swiþe lånʒ

39. …ond hē… ʒedēmed, þæt hēō ealle sceolden þurh endebyrdnesse be hearpan sinʒan

40. inflectional classes

41. A. Baugh, T. Cable

42. a set of ‘stems’ (= основные формы)

43. the IE ablaut-series (чередование по аблауту)

44. /a – ō – ō – a/

45. reduplicating verbs

46. Class I = i-class

Gth reisan /i:/ rais risum risans ‘to rise’

OE rīsan rās rison risen ‘to rise’

OE bītan bāt biton biten ‘to bite’

belīfan (оставаться), clīfan (приставать, прилипать), glīdan (to glide), drīfan (to drive), rīdan (to ride), scīnan (to shine), wrītan (to write), bīdan (to bide, wait)

47. Class II = u-class (to choose)

Gth kiusan kaus kusum kusans

OE cēōsan cēās curon coren

crēōpan (to creep), cēōwan (to chew), flēōtan (to fleet), scēōtan (to shoot), frēōsan (to freeze)

48. Class III

3a. Nasal + consonant

Gth bindan band bundum bundans ‘bind’

OE bindan band bundon bunden

i/n a/n (u)n (u)n

climban, drincan, findan, (on)ʒinnan, sinʒan, bindan, swindan (to disappear), swimman, stinʒan, windan, spinnan

3b. L + consonant

Gth hilpan halp hulpum hulpans

OE helpan healp hulpon holpen

melcan, meltan, swellan

3c. R + consonant, h + consonant

Gth waírþan warþ waúrþum waúrþans

ε/r a/r (o)r (o)r

OE weorþan wearþ wurdon worden

‘to become’

OE feohtan feaht fuhton fohten

‘to fight’

beorcan (to bark), ceorfan (to carve), beorʒan (to guard)

49. Class IV (the sonor. l/r + a short root v.)

Gth stilan stal stēlum stulans

OE stelan stæl stǣlon stolen

teran (to tear), brecan (to break), becuman (to come, arrive, reach), feolan (to cleave, stick)

50. Class V (any cons. but not a sonor.)

Gth qiþan /kviθan/ qaþ qēþum qiþans

OE cweþan cwæþ cwǣdon cweden

tredan (to tread), metan (to mete), swefan (to sleep), wefan (to weave), cnedan (to knead), sprecan (to speak), wrecan (to drive, press, punish)

51. Class VI

Gth faran fōr fōrum farans ‘to go’

OE faran fōr fōron faren

hladan (to load), wadan (to go, pass), bacan (to bake), wascan (to wash), scacan (to shake)

52. Class VII

Gth haitan haíhait haíhaitum haitans ‘to call’

OE hātan hēt/heht hēton/hehton hāten

OE lǣtan lēt lēton lǣten

cnāwan (to know), ondrǣdan (to be afraid, to dread), rǣdan (to read), blōwan (to blow), bihealdan (to inhabit, behold)

53. /i – a – Ө/

54. dental (alveolar) suffix

55. causative/каузативные/ verbs

56. i-stems

57. i/j

CG *ful j an à OE fyllan (to fill)

OHG fremjan à OE fremman (to make, to do; gemination)

Gth wōpjan à OE wēpan (to weep)

OE Past Sg sæt à *sætjan à OE se tt an (каузатив от sæt + gemination)

58. /r/

59. OE styrian (to stir), /r/ is not geminated

60. Regular Class I:

OE dēman dēmde dēmed (*dōmjan)

fremman fremede fremed (*fremjan)

61. i-umlaut

62. Irregular Class I:

OE t e llan t ea lde t ea ld (to tell)

*t a ljan OE breaking before /ld/ (*talde – tald)

OE t ǣ cean t ā hte t ā ht (to teach)

63. -ō- (*-ōj-)

64. -ō-stems

65. {-ian}

66. the element /o:/ of the SBS

67. Class II

OE timbrian timbrode timbrod (to build)

hopian hopode hopod (to hope)

fiscian fiscode fiscod (to fish)

68. Class III

the CG SBS *{-ē-} à Gth {-ai-}

69. {-ē-} alternated with {-ja-}

Gth haban hab ai da hab ai dēdum hab ai þs

OE habban hæfde hæfd

70. {-j-}

OE libban lifde lifd

OE s e cʒan sæʒde sæʒd (compare OHG s a gen)

71. OE hycʒ(e)an hoʒode hoʒod

72. Preterite-present Verbs:

OE witan wāt witon wis t e

OE cunnan can(n) cunnon cū ð e

OE sculan sceal sculon sceol d e

OE ------- mōt mōton mōs t e

73. wāt (знаю), āʒ (имею),

dēāʒ (гожусь), ann (жалую),

can (могу, знаю),

þearf (нуждаюсь), dear (смею), sceal (должен), man (помню),

mæʒ (могу), ʒeneah (быть достаточным), mōt (могу)

74. Anomalous Verbs (B.A. Ilyish – Irregular)

· bēōn (two other roots used to build the paradigm are: eom “to be, to exist”, wesan, str., cl. V – to exist, only past tense forms exist)

· ʒan (“to go”; past tense, 1^st, 3^rd pers. Ind. is ēōde, 2^nd pers. is ēōdest)

· willan (“to will, wish, intend”, past tense is wol d e)

· dōn (“to do, perform, make, cause”, dy d e, ʒedō n)

· būān (“to dwell”, bū d e, ʒebū n)

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