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OTHER USES OF BEbe is used to express physical or mental condition: / am hot/cold. He was excited/calm. They will be happy/unhappy. With certain adjectives, e.g. quiet/noisy, good/bad, wise/foolish, it is possible to use the continuous form of be, e.g. Tom is being foolish, to imply that the subject is showing this quality at this time. Compare Tom is being foolish, which means Tom is talking or acting foolishly now, with Tom is foolish, which means that Tom always acts or talks foolishly. Similarly, The children are being quiet means they are playing quietly now, but The children are quiet might mean that they usually play quietly. Other adjectives include: annoying generous/mean cautious/rash helpful/unhelpful clever/stupid irritating difficult mysterious economical/extravagant optimistic/pessimistic formal polite funny selfish/unselfish With some of these, e.g. stupid, difficult, funny, polite, the continuous form may imply that the subject is deliberately acting in this way: You are being stupid may mean You are not trying to understand. He is being difficult usually means He is raising unnecessary objections. He is being funny usually means He is only joking. Don't believe him. She is just being polite probably means She is only pretending to admire your car/clothes/house etc. B be is used for age: How old are you? -I'm ten/I am ten years old. (not I'm ten years) How old is the tower? ~ It is 400 years old. (years old must be used when giving the age of things.) C Size and weight are expressed by be: How tall are you?/What is your height? ~ I am 1'65 metres. How high are we now? ~ We're about 20,000 feet. What is your weight? or What do you weigh/How much do you weigh? ~ I am 65 kilos or / weigh 65 kilos. D be is used for prices: How much is this melon? or What does this melon cost? ~ It's £1. The best seats are (= cost) £25 have as an auxiliary verb 115 Form and use in the formation of tenses A Form Principal parts: have, had, had Gerund/present participle: having Present tense:
Alternative negative contractions (chiefly used in perfect tenses): I've not, you've not, he's not etc. Negative interrogative: have I not/haven't I? have you not/haven't you? has he not/hasn't he? etc. Past tense: Affirmative: had/'d for all persons Negative: had not/hadn't for all persons Interrogative: had I? etc. Negative interrogative: had I not/hadn't I? etc. Other tenses follow the rules for ordinary verbs. B Use to form tenses have is used with the past participle to form the following tenses: Present perfect: I have worked. Past perfect: / had worked. Future perfect: / will/shall have worked. Perfect conditional: / would/should have worked. 117 have + object + past participle A This construction can be used to express more neatly sentences of the type 'I employed someone to do something for me'; i.e. instead of saying / employed someone to clean my car we can say / had my car cleaned, and instead of I got a man to sweep my chimneys ('got' here = paid/persuaded etc.), we can say / had my chimneys swept. Note that this order of words, i.e. have + object + past participle, must be observed as otherwise the meaning will be changed: He had his hair cut means he employed someone to do it, but He had cut his hair means that he cut it himself some time before the time of speaking (past perfect tense). When have is used in this way the negative and interrogative of its present and past tenses are formed with do: Do you have your windows cleaned every month? ~ I don't have them cleaned; I clean them myself. He was talking about having central heating put in. Did he have it put in in the end? It can also be used in continuous tenses: / can't ask you to dinner this week as I am having my house painted at the moment. While I was having my hair done the police towed away my car. The house is too small and he is having a room built on. get can be used in the same way as have above but is more colloquial. get is also used when we mention the person who performs the action: She got him to dig away the snow. (She paid/persuaded him to dig etc.) (have with a bare infinitive can be used in the same way, e.g. She had him dig away the snow, but the get construction is much more usual in British English.) B The have + object + past participle construction can also be used colloquially to replace a passive verb, usually one concerning some accident or misfortune: His fruit was stolen before he had a chance to pick it can be replaced by He had his fruit stolen before he had a chance to pick it, and Two of his teeth were knocked out in the fight can be replaced by He had two of his teeth knocked out. It will be seen that, whereas in A above the subject is the person who orders the thing to be done, here the subject is the person who suffers as a result of the action. The subject could be a thing: The houses had their roofs ripped off by the gale. get can also replace have here: The cat got her tail singed through sitting too near the fire. (The cat's tail was singed etc.) 118 had better + bare infinitive had here is an unreal past; the meaning is present or future: I had/I'd better ring him at once/tomorrow. (This would be a good thing to do/the best thing to do.) The negative is formed with not after better: You had better not miss the last bus. (It would be unwise to miss it, or I advise/warn you not to miss it.) had here is usually contracted after pronouns and in speech is sometimes so unstressed as to be almost inaudible. had better is not normally used in the ordinary interrogative, but is sometimes used in the negative interrogative as an advice form: Hadn 't you better ask him first? = Wouldn 't it be a good thing to ask him first? you had better is a very useful advice form: You had better fly. (It would be best for you to fly, or I advise you to fly.) In indirect speech had better with the first or third person remains unchanged; had better with the second person can remain unchanged or be reported by advise + object + infinitive: He said, 'I'd better hurry' = He said (that) he 'd better hurry. He said, 'Ann had better hurry' = He said (that) Ann had better hurry. He said, 'You'd better hurry' = He said (that) I'd better hurry or He advised me to hurry. 119 have meaning 'possess' and 'suffer (from) pain/illness/disability' A Examples: He has a black beard. I have had this car for ten years. Have you got a headache? ~ Yes, I have. The twins have mumps. He has a weak heart. B Form
Note that the negative and interrogative can be formed in two ways. C have is conjugated with do for habitual actions: Do you often hare headache1,? ~ No. I don't. When there is not this idea of habit, the have not (got)/have you (got) forms are more usual in Britain, whereas other English-speaking countries (notably America) use the do forms here also. An American might say: Can you help me now? Do you have time? where an Englishman would probably say: Can you help me now? Have you got time? do forms can therefore be used safely throughout, but students living in Britain should practise the other forms as well. D got can be added to have/have not/have you etc. as shown above. It makes no difference to the sense so it is entirely optional, but it is quite a common addition, got, however, is not added in short answers or question tags: Have you got an ice-axe? ~ Yes, I have. She's got a nice voice, hasn 't she? have (affirmative) followed by got is usually contracted: I've got my ticket. He's got a flat in Pimlico. The stress falls on got. The 've or 's is often barely audible. have (affirmative) without got is often not contracted. The have or has must then be audible. Поиск по сайту: |
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