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Granny didn’t want my Mom (marry) my Dad
A) marry
B) to marry
C) married
Our English teacher told us (not/feel) shy and speak English as much as possible.
A) not to feel
B) not feel
C) felt
I have to get my photograph (take) for a new passport.
A) took
B) take
C) taken
There wasn’t much traffic in the street. I saw a little girl (cross) the road.
A) crossed
B) cross
C) to cross
I have never heard Helen (sing).
A) sang
B) sings
C) singing
Mary would like her brother (avoid) Tom’s company.
A) to avoid
B) avoid
C) avoided
We expected the Harrisons (arrive) later than usual.
A) to arrive
B) arrive
C) arrived
What makes you (do) such rash actions?
A) do
B) to do
C) doing
Unit15
MANUFACTURED BUILDING MATERIALS
Before-Reading
1. Discuss the following:
• What a modern industrial technology do you know?
• Have you been at any industrial plant?
• Have you seen any process of industrial technology?
2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
• ingredient
• mechanical extrusion process
• conveyor belt
• diagonal boards
• balloon frame system
3. Make up your own sentences with the following words:
a production of brick (производство кирпича), a timber technology (технология обработки лесоматериала), an industrial method (промышленный метод), a small building (небольшое строение), an innovation in building construction (инновационный метод в строительстве), a production development (развитие производства), a mechanical process (механический процесс).
While-Reading
1. Read the text and find new words from the text.
2. Find and translate all the sentences containing the following words:
• warehouse
• timber technology
• laborious process of hand-molding
• balloon frame
• building construction
• conveyor belt
• constituent building materials
One of the building materials used in a construction is a brick. The production of a brick was industrialized in the 19th century. Earlier it was a process of hand-molding. Later it was superseded by «pressed» bricks. It was a mass production by a mechanical extrusion process. In this way clay was squeezed by "pressed" through a rectangular die as a continuous column and sliced to size by a wire cutter. Periodically fired kilns were used. Bricks were moved slowly on a conveyor belt. New methods considerably reduced the cost of a brick. That's why it became one of the constituent building materials of the age.
Rapid development of timber technology was in the 19th century in North America. It was explained large softwood fir's forests and pine trees. There they were used as industrial methods. Steam- and water-powered sawmills began producing standard-dimension timbers in the 1820s. The production of cheap machine made nails in the 1830s. It provided other necessary ingredient — a balloon frame. That made possible a major innovation in building construction. The first example was a warehouse erected in Chicago in 1832 by George W. Snow. There was a great demand for small buildings of all types settled on North American continent. Light timber frame provided a quick, flexible, inexpensive solution to this problem. Heavy timbers and complex joinery were abandoned in the balloon frame system. The building walls were framed with 5 x 10-centimetre (2 x 4-inch) vertical members. They were placed at 40 centimeters (16 inches) from the centre. This supplied a roof and floor joists, usually 5x25 centimeters (2x10 inches) and placed 40 centimeters (16 inches) apart and were capable of spanning up to six meters (20 feet).
3. Read the text again and translate the second paragraph from the text.
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