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Exercise 6. Find corresponding equivalents
| 1. to create unique evidence 2. to go through vivisection 3. the gastric function of dogs 4. research work 5. long-term physiological processes 6. to tend to salivate 7. the gifted young physiologist 8. reflex actions 9. involuntary reactions 10. to die of double pneumonia | 1. померти від двостороннього запалення легень 2. обдарований молодий фізіолог 3. довгострокові фізіологічні процеси 4. шлункова функція собак 5. створити унікальне свідчення 6. науково-дослідна робота 7. мимовільні реакціі 8. проходити вівісекцію 9. бути схильним до виділення слини 10. рефлекторні дії |
Exercise 7. Match the terms with their definitions:
| 1. pneumonia 2. temperament 3. chronic 4. conscious 5. to salivate | a) the manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting characteristic of a specific person b) an infection of the lungs, which can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites c) to secrete saliva, esp. an excessive amount d) Having an awareness of one's environment and one's own existence, sensations, and thoughts e)continuing a long time or recurring frequently |
Exercise 8. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:
Двостороннє запалення легень, подальша робота, довгострокові фізіологічні процеси, новий вид досліджень, обдарований молодий фізіолог, шлункова функція собак, фізіологічна лабораторія, вівісекція, передавати від покоління до покоління, створити унікальне свідчення, науково-дослідна робота, мимовільні реакціі, голова клініки, проходити вівісекцію, бути схильним до виділення слини, рефлекторні дії, отримати Нобелівську премію.
Exercise 9. Read information about “The Four Temperaments” and match the paragraph with a correct type:
| Sanguine Choleric Melancholic Phlegmatic |
This temperament is fundamentally introverted and thoughtful. People with this type can be highly creative in activities such as poetry and art - and can become preoccupied with the tragedy and cruelty in the world. Often they are perfectionists. They are self-reliant and independent.
This temperament is impulsive and pleasure-seeking; people are sociable and charismatic. They tend to enjoy social gatherings and making new friends. They are usually quite creative, often daydream, sensitive and thoughtful. Personalities of this type are chronically late, and tend to be forgetful and sometimes a little sarcastic. They are talkative and not shy.
This temperament is fundamentally relaxed and quiet, tend to be content with themselves and are kind. They are ashy and often prefer stability to uncertainty and change. They are consistent, relaxed, calm, rational, curious, and observant, qualities that make them good administrators. They can also be passive-aggressive.
This temperament is fundamentally ambitious and leader-like. They have a lot of aggression, energy, and/or passion, and try to instill it in others. They can dominate people of other temperaments. They like to be in charge of everything. They do not have in-between setups, only one extreme to another. People with this type are very much prone to mood swings.
Exercise 10. Look at the table. Pay attention to the Sequence of Tenses. Translate the sentences into your native language:
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| Present Tenses | |
| Present Simple (V1) | Past Simple (V2) |
| Present Progressive (am, is, are + V-ing) | Past Progressive (was,were + V-ing) |
| Present Perfect (have/has+ V3) | Past Perfect (had+V3) |
| Present Perfect Progressive (have/has been+V-ing) | Past Perfect Progressive (had been+V-ing) |
| Past Tenses | |
| Past Simple (V2) | Past Perfect (V3) |
| Past Progressive (was/were + V-ing) | Past Perfect Progressive (had been+V-ing) |
| Past Perfect (had + V3) | Past perfect (had +V3) |
| Future Tenses | |
| Future Simple (Will+V1) | Future-in-the-past (would+V1) |
1. The physician said that the sanatorium treatment would be helpful.
2. I didn’t know you had had practice at the hospital.
3. The patient said that 2 hours before the admission he had felt an unbearable pain in epigastria area.
4. I was told that the conjunctiva was infected.
5. The doctor supposed that antibiotic treatment would be changed.
6. The patient was told that the life in subtropical climate would be very helpful.
7. Our teacher told us that Pavlov had carried out his experiments on dogs.
8. The woman said that her stomachache was unbearable.
Exercise 11. Put questions to the underlined words:
1. Pavlov performed and directed experiments on digestion.
2. Pavlov and his researchers observed and began the study of transmarginal inhibition (TMI).
3. TMI is the body's natural response of shutting down when exposed to overwhelming stress or pain by electric shock
4. Carl Jung continued Pavlov's work on TMI. He correlated the observed shutdown types in animals with his own introverted and extroverted temperament types in humans.
5. The concept for which Pavlov is famous is the " conditioned reflex ".
6. It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signaled the occurrence of food by ringing a bell.
7. Pavlov’s writings record the use of a wide variety of stimuli, including electric shocks, whistles, metronomes, tuning forks, and a range of visual stimuli, in addition to the ring of a bell.
8. It is less widely known that Pavlov's experiments on the conditional reflex extended to children. Some of the children underwent surgical procedures, similar to those performed on the dogs, for the collection of saliva.
Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)
| I. Перекладіть наступні словосполучення, складіть з ними речення: видатний фізіолог присвятити життя вивчати функціонування шлунку бути схильним до виділення слини рефлекторна дія проходити вівісекцію вмерти від запалення легенів нейтральний подразник мимовільна реакція довгострокові фізіологічні процеси II. Дайте відповідь на питання: What is he famous for? What did Pavlov investigate? What experiments did Pavlov’s “patients” go through? When did Pavlov win the Nobel Prize? Why did Pavlov ask his student to record the circumstances of his dying? III. Розкажіть про життя і творчу діяльність І.П. Павлова |
| Anatomy of the Alimentary Tract |
Exercise 1. Topical vocabulary:
| alimentary tract, n | [ælɪˌment(ə)rɪ trækt] | травний тракт |
| caecum, n | ['si:kəm] | сліпа кишка |
| colon, n | ['koulən] | товста кишка |
| decomposition, n | [ˌdiːkɒmpəˈzɪʃən] | розкладання |
| duodenum, n | [dju:ou'di:nəm] | дванадцятипала кишка |
| ileum, n | ['ɪlɪəm] | клубова кишка |
| jejunum, n | [dʒiːˈdʒuːnəm] | порожниста кишка |
| length, n | [leŋθ] | довжина |
| pancreas, n | ['pæŋkrɪəs] | підшлункова залоза |
| portion, n | [’pɔ:rʃən] | частина, відділ |
| rectum, n | ['rektəm] | пряма кишка |
| salivary glands, n | ['sælɪvərɪ glændz] | слинні залози |
| tube, n | [tju:b] | труба, трубка |
Exercise 2. Read the following word-combinations and translate them. Make up 3 sentences of your own with any of them:
canal: alimentary canal, musculomembraneous canal, nasal canal, root canal
cavity: oral cavity, abdominal cavity, pulp cavity, nasal cavity, thoracic cavity
gland: salivary gland, endocrine gland, urethral gland, mucous gland, lymph gland
tube: thin-wall muscular tube, inner-tube, test-tube, Fallopian tube, drainage tube
palate: hard palate, soft palate, cleft palate, to have a delicate palate, depraved palate
Exercise 3. Translate the following word combinations into your native language:
To extend from the oral cavity to the anus, the first division, to pass through the pharynx to the esophagus, the upper part of the abdomen, to be composed of, a thin-walled muscular tube, to absorb water,the largest gland in the human body, a major role in metabolism, a number of functions in the body, decomposition of red blood cells, a hollow sac, a long thin gland.
Exercise 4. Put words in the appropriate column:
Ileum, heart, vessel, anus, jejunum, artery, duodenum, tongue, vein, pharynx, stomach, capillary, esophagus, intestine, aorta, atria, rectum, oral cavity, salivary glands, mouth, chamber, caecum, colon, teeth, ventricle.
| Parts of the cardiovascular system | Parts of the alimentary tract |
Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:
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