The Scientists and the Watches

One night, a crazy scientist got involved in a rather silly argument with a fellow scientist. They were arguing about whose watch was the better, the Swiss one or the Japanese one. Being scientists, they decided to do an experiment to test the watches. The first part of the test was to see if both were waterproof. (They were both so convinced of the quality of their watches that they were willing to risk ruining them.)

They went into their laboratory looking very serious. They filled the sink with water, put the watches in, waited impatiently for ten minutes and took them out.

They could see there was some­thing wrong with both watches, but being cautious men of science they observed them for a couple of hours before speaking to each other. The tension was unbearable. They silently realized that the Swiss watch was losing sixty minutes an hour and the Japanese one was 120 minutes slow.

The scientist with the Japanese watch then slowly raised his head and said, "Both watches are now defective but my watch is right more often than yours, so it's better." The scientist with the Swiss watch left the room without saying a word.

Was the man with the Japanese watch right? If so, how?

1. What were they arguing about at the beginning of the story?

2. Why couldn't they go on with the experiment after they took the watches out of the water?

3. What did they do for a couple of hours?

4. What did they realise the Swiss watch was doing?

5. If the Swiss watch was losing sixty minutes in sixty minutes, was it

a. going forwards?.

b. stopped?

c. going backwards?

6. So how often in every 12-hour periods would the Swiss watch show the right time?

a. Once.

b. Twice.

7. How many minutes was the Japanese watch losing every hour?

8. If a watch loses 120 minutes every sixty minutes, is it

a. going forwards?

b. stopped?

c. going backwards?

9. How often in every 12-hour period will the Japanese watch show the correct time?

a. Once.

b. Twice.

10. Was the scientist right when he said, "But my watch is right more often than yours"?

11. Why is this absurd?

From "Challenge to Think"

II. Word Bingo.

Note! Bingo is a popular gambling game played with cards on which numbered

squares are covered as the numbers are called at random.

Look at the list of words given below. Write down any 5 words. The teacher is going to read the definitions of all the words in random order. If you hear the definition of one of the words you have chosen cross it out. The first student to cross all the words he or she has chosen calls out "Bingo" and reads the words to prove his claim:

foot, language, examination, physics, explanation, mathe­matics, traffic, invention, history, nature, achievement, time, steam, coal, tunnel, sandwich, experience, experiment, speed, ac­cident, clay, science, discovery, railway, problem.

III. Solve crossword puzzles.

a)

1. A statement saying that something is true.

2. Very high quality.

3. A person who tells some­body what should be done.

4. A partof anything.

5. Not to pay attention to something.

6. An institution for edu­cating children.

7. Wanting to know or learn about something.

8. We are very tired because our... was very hard.

9. Don't speak so quickly, I don't... you.

b)

1. An American physicist, born in Germany, who studied the behaviour of atoms and formed the theory of relativity.

2. A photocopy made on a special electric copying machine.

3. A person who studies or works in physics.

4. An American inventor whose inventions include the phonograph, electric lighting, and automatic telegraphy.

5. A radioactive element discovered by Marie Curie.

6. A person who invents something new.

7. 1,000,000

8. Sherlock Holmes often used the phrase: “_____, my dear Watson”.

9. A famous scientist who discovered the law of gravity.

10. To study or examine by means of a test.

Unit 9

Г р а м м а т и ч е с к и й м а т е р и а л

1. Модальные глаголы и их заменители

(Modal Verbs and Their Equivalents)

Can

be able to

Present	Past	Future
Can am is able to... are	Could was able to... were	-   will be able to...

Когда эквивалент модального глагола (can) дублирует уже имеющиеся формы (I can = I am able; He could = He was able), он имеет собственный оттенок значения am / is / are / able to - быть в состоянии, быть способным, were / were able to - смог, сумел, удалось (= manage).

Must

have to

be to

Оттенки значения эквивалентов глагола must:

1. have to - вынужден, придется (в связи с обстоятельствами).

Ann’s eyes are not very good. She has to wear glasses for reading.

Jane was feeling ill last night so she had to leave the party early.

be to - долженствование, связанное с планом, договоренностью.

He is to meet us at the station at 5.

This is Dora. She is to share your room.

2. Для образования вопросительной и отрицательной формы эквивалента have to используются вспомогательные глаголы do / does / did.

Why did you have to go to hospital?

Do you have to get up early on weekends?

Tom doesn’t have to work on Sundays.

3. Mustn’t и don’t have to имеют разные значения:

не должен (просьба, приказ)

You mustn’t tell anyone what I said.

не нужно (отсутствие необходимости)

She stayed in bed this morning because she didn’t have to go to work.

May

be allowed to

PRESENT	PAST	FUTURE
May am is allowed to... are	Might was allowed to... were	-   will be allowed to...

* В современном разговорном языке в этих случаях чаще используется глагол can (may - более официальная форма).

Спросить разрешения сделать что-либо можно следующим образом:

* Can / Could / May / Might I borrow your umbrella?

Краткий отрицательный ответ на такой вопрос может быть выражен следующим образом:

No, don’t - просьба не делать этого.

No, you may not - запрещение.

No, you must not No, you can not

запрещение исходит не от вас, это запрещено правилами, законами и т.п.

Эквивалент модального глагола may (be allowed / permitted to...) используется, когда необходимо подчеркнуть, что разрешение/запрещение исходит от кого-либо:

* You are (not) allowed / permitted to wait here.

Should

Имеет лишь одну форму и выражает моральный долг, обязательство, совет, рекомендацию, порицание: должен, следует, нужно, нужно было бы, следовало бы.

Should может употребляться:

Need

Глагол need употребляется только в форме настоящего времени в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях.

* Need he come here? Ему нужно приходить сюда?

* You needn’t come so early. Вам не нужно приходить так рано.

Ответы на вопросы с глаголами need и must оформляются следующим образом:

2. Многофункциональность глаголов to be, to have

to be

to have

E X E R C I S E S

I. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the predicate:

a) with a modal verb.

1. We must use new methods in our research work. 2. You may use this device in your laboratory. 3. This job cannot be done in time. 4. They ought to help their colleagues to solve this important problem. 5. He could not complete his research in time as he worked very slowly. 6. You should turn off the light before you leave the room.

b) with an equivalent of the modal verb.

1. The students were unable to do the work without their teacher’s help. He had to help them. 2. You needn’t take these documents with you. 3. You were to consult the dictionary. 4. He had to work much before he was able to complete his research. 5. You will have to show your research work to your scientific adviser. 6. Nobody was able to understand this mysterious phenomenon. 7. As the student was late he was not allowed to enter the classroom.

II. Substitute the equivalents for modal verbs. Translate the sentences.

1. Electronic machines can add, subtract, multiply and divide much quicker than man. 2. The conference on economic problems in Russia must take place next month. 3. You may use these new devices for your research. 4. With the help of this new design the scientist could develop new methods of solving the problem. 5. The student may not leave the lab if his experiment is not over. 6. Most people must work in order to earn their living.

III. Put a predicate of the following sentences in Past and Future Simple, change the adverbial modifier of time where it is necessary. Translate the sentences.

1. We must study the fundamentals of economics. 2. These students may work at the computer class from 9 to 12 today. 3. She can use different methods in her research work. 4. The students must explain how the economic system works. 5. Economists must study our everyday life.

IV. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the functions of the verbs to be, to have.

1. Studying economics is of great importance for future specialists. 2. Every student is to study economics for some years. 3. The quality of these goods is very high. 4. You will have to do it in time. 5. He was to come there yesterday. 6. The students are not at the auditorium. They are to be at the conference. 7. He had much work to do. He had to work hard to complete it in time. 8. Scientists have developed new methods to solve this problem. They will have to make some reports on it. 9. You want to have a new house. You will have to work hard.

V. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the different ways of expressing obligation.

1. We must explain the work of this system. 2. One should study hard to be a good specialist. 3. This problem is very complex. You have to think it over properly. 4. We ought to say that this phenomenon is worth investigating. 5. We should be prepared for scientific study of management in industry. 6. Laws must serve people. 7. The lecture is to begin at 6 o’clock. We ought to come in time. 8. You were to come to my place yesterday. Why didn’t you do that? 9. He will have to improve his knowledge of English.

VI. Make the sentences a) interrogative; b) negative.

1. Students have to know some facts of the economy in which we live. 2. He had to sit up late with this work. 3. You will have to get up very early tomorrow. 4. He had to come to the office at 5 sharp. 5. She will have to do it once over again. 6. These documents have to be filled in. 7. They had to cover the whole distance on foot. 8. We shall have to speak to him about his participation in the conference.

VII. Translate the sentences.

1. Вы не должны прекращать работу, пока не закончите её. 2. Так как он приготовил всё заранее, ему не нужно делать это теперь. 3. Все слова в тексте были настолько хорошо знакомы, что мне даже незачем было пользоваться словарем. 4. Вам нужно было быть здесь не раньше пяти. 5. Не может быть, чтобы он опоздал. 6. Он не мог прочитать эту книгу так быстро; она трудна для него. 7. Вам следует теперь прочитать специальную литературу по экономике. 8. Вы можете не приносить эту статью сегодня; всё равно её будут печатать только завтра. 9. Возможно, он опоздает. 10. Могу ли я взять твой словарь? 11. Разве я мог подумать, что не попаду на лекцию по экономике Великобритании? 12. Вы, должно быть, все читали эту статью? 13. Мне не пришлось сегодня подготовиться к докладу. Библиотека закрыта. 14. Он, очевидно, не уловил вашей мысли. Вам следовало бы подробно объяснить свою точку зрения.

Р А Б О Т А С Т Е К С Т О М

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