Итальянский театр

Театр Древней Греции и Древнего Рима

The word "theater" comes from the Greek theatron - of primary importance - a place for shows. The Birth of Greek drama and the theater related with ceremonial games that were dedicated to the gods, patrons of agriculture: Demeter and Dionysus. Such ceremonies are sometimes turned into a cult drama. From the ceremonial games and songs in honor of Dionysus grew three genres of ancient Greek drama: tragedy, comedy and comedy satire, so named for the chorus, which consisted of satyrs. Greek tragedy, as a rule, took scenes from mythology, who was well known to every inhabitant of Greece. Viewer interest has focused not on the plot, and the interpretation of the myth of the author. In the second half of 6 BC tragedy has made significant of development. Ancient history says that the first Athenian tragic the poet was Fespid. The first staging of his tragedy (name it remained unknown) was held in the spring of 534 BC on Great holiday Dionysius. This year is considered to be the year of birth the world of theater. Ancient Greek theater reached its greatest prosperity in the works of three great tragedians V in. BC. - Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides. The origins of the Roman theater and drama goes back, as in Greece, a village harvesting celebrations. In Rome, there were roughly the same ceremonial games, as in Greece. Despite attempts of playwrights to adapt Greek tragedy to Roman tastes, she was complex in its content for much of the Roman public. The common people of Rome with great pleasure watching the comedy, which was clearer to them, as was closer to life.

Театр Глобус

The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men. In the construction of "Globe" was used construction materials left over from the demolished building of the first public theater in London (it was called - "Theatre"). "Globe" was a typical building of the public theater of the 17th century.: Oval room - in the form of a Roman amphitheater, enclosed by high walls, no roof. The name of the theater has received from its entrance decorated the statue of Atlant keeping the globe. The theater was four place of action: proscenium, deep in the hall and surrounded on three sides by the audience, which was played out most of the action, the deep part of the scene under the gallery, where the interior scenes were played out; gallery, which was used for the image of the fortress wall or balcony (where appeared the ghost of Hamlet's father and was known in the balcony scene in Romeo and Juliet), and "small house" in the windows of which could also show the actors. This allowed us to build a dynamic scene, laying in the drama has a variety of locales and changing the point of audience's attention - that helped to maintain interest in what happens on the court. in 1613, during the premiere of Shakespeare's Henry VIII, there was a fire in a theater, the building burned down. The end of "the first Globe," symbolically marked the change of literary and theatrical eras: about this time William Shakespeare stopped writing plays.

Японский театр

The traditions and history of Japanese theater is rooted in the very distant past. The most important attributes of traditional Japanese theater: the mask and dance. the birth of Japanese theater is usually associated with the appearance of pantomime Gigaku ("Performing Arts") and dance Bugaku ("the art of dance"), borrowed from continental culture in the VII century. Traditional Japanese theater - is a complex and multi-color world, each of the components of which (acting, music, scenery, masks, decorations, costumes, makeup, dolls, wigs, dance), the subject of many books and articles. The theater "No" was born in the 14th century and quickly became "fashionable" among the samurai and the highest aristocracy. To the accompaniment of the choir, drums and flutes, the main character narrates stories from the life of mortals and of spirits, gods and demons, battles won and lost, killer archaic and Buddhist monks in Japan. Presentation usually lasts about three hours and a half - five and consists of several pieces, punctuated by a small thumbnail of the lives of ordinary. Masks are an inherent part of the drama. The distinguishing feature of No's masks is that they really convey emotion. Today there are about 200 masks, most of which are made of Japanese cypress. Even in traditional Japanese theater are: Kegen, Kabuki, Dzeruri, Bunraku puppet theater.

Билингвизм

Bilingualism (bilingual) - the ability of certain groups due to the two languages. People who know two languages are called bilingual, more than two - polilingual, more than six - polyglots. Since language is a function of social groups, then to be bilingual - it means to belong simultaneously to two different social groups. Bilinguals and polyglots are of interest to psychology, sociology and linguistics. When bilingualism two languages coexist within the same group, using these languages in the various fields of communication, depending on the social situation. There are congenital, reproducing and productive bilingualism. One of the consequences of colonialism is the spread of reproducing bilingualism, in which one language of linguistic pairs are English, Spanish, Russian, Portuguese or French. Generating productive bilingualism refers to language education. Among a number of Russian-speaking bilinguals is growing due to the growing importance in the world English and German. In Russia and other countries with Russian-speaking population German / English is taught in schools and universities. On the territory of the Russian Federation bilingualism is common in many republics. The urban population is often speaks only in Russian, or has some knowledge of the language native people. Rural populations are often fluent in the language of the native ethnic group, knowledge of Russian language may be uncertain or incomplete.

Итальянский театр

Theatrical art in Italy for its origins dates back to folk rituals and games, a carnival, cult songs and dances associated with the natural cycle and rural work. Italian literary drama, which begins the story of renaissance Western drama, based on the aesthetics of their experience of ancient drama. Comedies of Plautus and Terence were determined for the Italian humanist playwrights themes of their works, the composition of actors and compositional structure. Up until the mid 16th century. in Italy there was no professional theater. In Venice, which was ahead in the creation of all kinds of shows, already at the turn of the ages 15-16 had a few amateur theater community. By 1570 defined the basic components of a new theater art: masks, dialects, improvisation, slapstick. Firmly established its name commedia dell'arte, which meant "professional theater". Despite the economic and political backwardness, Italy is very rich and diverse theatrical life. By the 18th century. Italy had the best in the world of musical theater, which differed in two types - a serious opera, comic opera (opera buffa). Goldoni theater of has created a characters, abandoning masks, the scenario and the whole of the improvisation. The characters of his theater has lost its conditional content and become real people - people of his age and his country, Italy, 18th century.

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