LEVELS OF HIGHER EDUCATION

There are three levels of higher education:

1. Incomplete higher education lasts within 2 years.

2. Basic higher education (Bachelor degree) lasts within 4 years. This is equivalent to the B.Sc. degree in the US or Western Europe.

3. Postgraduate higher education. After graduating from Bachelor degree programme students are admitted to enter the Specialist Diploma (1 year) and Magistr's (Master's) degree (2 years) programmes.

Academic degrees: Kandidat Nauk degree (the first level, equivalent to Ph.D.) and Doktor Nauk degree (the second, highest level, equivalent to German Habilitand).

BOLOGNA PROCESS IN RUSSIA

Bologna process is the creation of the European Higher Education Area.The main objectives of the Bologna declaration are to increase the mobility and employability of European higher education graduates thus ensuring competitiveness of European higher education on the world scale. The Russian Federation joined Bologna process in 2003.

Basic characteristics of Bologna process:

- 3 cycled system of higher education (Bachelor's Degree, Master's Degree, Doctor's Degree).
- usage of a credit system (ECTS).
- mobility of students and staff around the European Higher Education Area.
- the joint European Diploma Supplement
- quality control of higher education.
- creation of the European Higher Education Area.

Задание 3.1 Найдите пары слов, имеющих противоположные значения. в 2 столбца

1. to close

2. after

3. here

4. first

5. evening

6. much

7. tomorrow

8. bad

9. to begin

10. to take

11. south

12. white

13. to ask

14. few

15. new

a. to finish

b. north

c. last

d. before

e. yesterday

f. to give

g. old

h. there

i. morning

j. good

k. many

l. little

m. to open

n. black

o. to answer

Задание 3.2 Найдите в каждом ряду слово, не подходящее по смыслу.

1. Tuesday, Thursday, Wednesday, August, Sunday

2. train, car, river, tram, bus

3. student, professor, lecture, hospital, examination

4. man, woman, girl, postman, boy

5. week, year, yesterday, month, day

6. wide, green, brown, white, black

7. February, November, March, Monday, July

8. winter, summer, year, autumn, spring

10. hand, head, leg, arm, foot, shoe

11. driver, doctor, teacher, corner, engineer

12. Moscow, Tver’, Paris, Samara, Volgograd

Задание 3.3 Найдите в каждом ряду слово, общее по смыслу.

1. school, education, institute, college, university

2. teacher, lesson, exercise, pupil, school

3. meals, supper, dinner, lunch, breakfast

4. car, bus, tram, vehicle, lorry

5. summer, season, winter, spring, autumn

6. seven, eleven, number, one, eight

7. chair, bed, sofa, table, furniture

8. monitor, mouse, computer, programme, scanner

9. snow, ice, water, rain, fog

10. second, minute, hour, time, day

11. daughter, son, family, father, mother

12. wall, roof, floor, house, door

ГРАММАТИКА

Глагол to be

Глагол to be означает «быть», «являться».

I am a student. Я студент.

He is a doctor. Он – врач.

Глагол to be означает также «быть», «находиться где-то».

I am at the Institute. Я в институте.

He is at the hospital. Он в больнице.

Спряжение глагола to be

Глагол to have

Глагол to have означает «иметь», «обладать» и переводится на русский язык «у меня (тебя и т. д.) есть».

Вопросительная форма образуется постановкой глагола-сказуемого перед подлежащим или с помощью вспомогательного глагола do: Have you a pen? или Do you have you a pen?

В отрицательных предложениях ставится отрицательное местоимение no: I have по watch. He has no books. или He doesn’t have books.

В кратких отрицательных ответах после глагола have следует отрицание not: I have not или (в разговорной речи) I haven't, he has not или he hasn’t.

Спряжение глагола to HAVE