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Il pea.M em u ifJy uK/uu 3 ñòðàíèöà

×èòàéòå òàêæå:
  1. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 1 ñòðàíèöà
  2. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 10 ñòðàíèöà
  3. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 11 ñòðàíèöà
  4. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 2 ñòðàíèöà
  5. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 3 ñòðàíèöà
  6. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 4 ñòðàíèöà
  7. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 5 ñòðàíèöà
  8. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 6 ñòðàíèöà
  9. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 7 ñòðàíèöà
  10. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 8 ñòðàíèöà
  11. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 9 ñòðàíèöà
  12. Il pea.M em u ifJy uK/uu 1 ñòðàíèöà

COBpeMeHHoro eMy ecTeCTB03HaHH.fl. 3THM noHHTHeM B reOJIOrHH, reorpa­ cpHH, 6H_OJIOrHH o603Ha'laJIHCb onpe,n;eJieHHbi e CTPYKTYPbI, CBH3aHHbie e,n;HHCTBOM CJIOBHH o6pa30BaHHH, CXO,Zl;CTBOM COCTaBa, B3aHM03aBHCH­

MOCTblO 3JieM:eHTOB. B MapKCHCTCKOM yqeHHH 06 o6eCTBe BCe 3TH npH-

3HaKH OTHOCJrTC.fl K COQHaJibHOMY opraHH3My, o6pa30BaHHOMY Ha OCHOBe cxo,n;Hl>DE-aa:KoHOMepHOCTeH, c e,n;HHOH 3KOHOMH'leCKOH H nOJIHTH'leCKOH

CTPYKTypoi1:. OcHoBy 3KOHOMH'leCKOH cpopMaQHH cocTaBJIHeT TOT HJIH HHOH cnoco6 npOJt:3B0l];CTBa, KOTOpbIH xapaKTepH3yeTC.fl onpe,n;eJieH­ HbIM ypOBHeM H xa paKTepoM pa3BHTH.fl npOH3BOl];CTBeHHbIX CHJI H COOT­ BeTCTBYIOHMH 3TOMY ypoBHIO H xapaKTepy npOH3BO,ZJ;CTBeHHh MH OT­ HOWeHHHMH. CoBOKynHOCTb npOH3BO,ZJ;CTBeHHbIX OTHOIIIeHHH o6pa3yeT

OCHOBY o6eCTBa, ero 6a3HC, Ha,n; KOTOpbIM Ha,n;cTpaHBalOTC.fl rocy,n;apcT­ BeHHbie, npaBOBbie, noJIHTH'!eCKHe OTHOIIIeHH.fl H yqpem,n;eHHH, KOTO­ pbIM, B CBOIO oqepe,n;b, COOTBeTCTBYIOT onpe,n;eJieHHbie cpopMbl o6ecT­ BeHHOro C03HaHH.fl.

K MapKc H <P. 3HreJibC npe,n;cTaBJIHJIH pa3BHTHe o6eCTBa KaK

nocTynaTeJibHblH npoQecc, xapaKTepH3YIO HHC.fl nocJie,n;oBaTeJibHbIM nepexo,n;oM OT HH3IIIHX o6eCTBeHH0-3KOHOMH'! eCKHX cpopMaQHH K BbIC­

IIIHM: OT nepB06bITH006 HHHOH K pa6oBJia,n;eJib'l eCKOH, 3aTeM K cpeo­

,n;aJibHOH, KanHTaJIHCTH'leCKoi1: H KOMMYHHCTH'leCKOH. B. M. JleHHH, OQe­

HHBaH 3Ha'leHHe 3Toro yqeHH.fl,ZJ;Jl.fl o6eCTBOBe,n;eHHH, nHCaJI: «Xaoc H npOH3BOJI, QapHBIIIHe ,n;o CHX nop BO B3rJIH,n;ax Ha HCTOpHIO H nOJIHTHKy,

CMeHHJIHCb nopa3HTeJibHO QeJibHOH H CTpOHHOH HayqHOH TeOpHeH, noKa-

3bIBaro ei1:, KaK H3 o,n;Horo yKJ1a,n;a mH3HH pa3BHBaeTC.fl BCJie,n;CTBHe poc­ Ta npoH3BO,ZJ;HTeJibHbI X CHJI,n;pyroi1:, 6oJiee BbICOKHH» (JleHUH B. M. IICC.

T. 6.- C. 55). IocKOJibKY B MapKCH3Me pe'Ib H,n;eT o HeH36emHOCTH,n;BH­ meHHH o6eCTBa no 3THM CTyneH.fIM pa3BHTH.fl K BbICIIIei1: cpopMaQHH, KpHTHKH MapKCH3Ma yKa3b BalOT Ha HaJIH'!He B HeM peJIHrH03HO-cpHJIO­

cocpcKOH KOHQenQHH npOBHµ;eHHaJIH3Ma -TO eCTb yqeHH.fl 0 npe,n;o­ npe,n;eJieHHOCTH B pa3BHTHH qeJIOBe'leCTBa. YKa3bIBaeTCH TaKme Ha Tpy,n;HOCTH CTb KOBKH 3TOH cxeMbl c peaJibHOH HCTOpHeH, B TOM 'lHCJie H c npoHCXO,Zl;.fl HM B HaCTO.flee BpeM.fl OTKa30M Hapo,n;oB OT «CTpOHTeJibCT­ Ba KOMMYHH3Ma».

4) lpHMeHeHHe K aHaJIH3Y o6ecTBa o6eHayqHoro KPHTepuH

3aKOHOMepHocTH H npH'IHHHOH o6ycJIOBJieHHOCTH B pa3BHTHH yBH3bIBa­

eTcH B MapKCH3Me c npH3HaHHeM CBoeo6pa3H.fl pa3BHTH.fl o6eCTBeH­ HbIX npoQeCCOB. 3Ta YBH3Ka HaIIIJia CBOe HpKoe BbipameHHe B KOHQen­ QHH pa3BHTH.fl o6eCTBa KaK ecTeCTBeHHOHCTOpH'leCKOro npoecca. EcTeCTBeHHOHCTOpH'I eCKHH npoQecc CTOJib me 3aKOHOMepeH, Heo6xo-

CraHoe11eH1-1e 1-1 DCHDBHble 3Tanbl 1-1cropi-1 ecKoro pa3ei-1ri-1si co1..11-1011orni-1 27


,n;HM H o6'beKTHBeH, KaK H npHpo,n;Hbie npoeccbI.OH He TOJibKO 3aBHCHT OT BOJIH H C03HaHHR JIIO,ll;eH, HO H onpe,n;eJIReT HX BOJIIO H C03HaHHe. Ho B

TO me BpeMR, B OTJIH<me OT npoeccOB npHpO,ll;bI,r,n;e,n;eHCTBYIOT CJieilbie H CTHXHHHbie CHJib, ecTeCTBeHHOHCTOpH'l:eCKHH npoecc npe,n;cTaBJIReT co6oif pe3yJibTaT,n;eRTeJibHOCTH Jiro,n;eif. Bo6ecTBe HH'ITO He cosepwa­ eTCR HHa'l:e, KaK npoxo,n;R qepe3 C03HaHHe JllO,ll;eH. B CBR3H c 3THM B MapKCHCTCKOH COHOJIOrHH 60JibWOe BHHMaHHe y,n;eJIReTCR H3y'leHHIO

,n;HaJieKTHKH 06'beKTHBHOH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH H C03Ha,TeJibHOH,n;eRTeJib­ HOCTH JIIO,ll;eH.

5) Bee BbIWeH3JiomeHHoe noKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO MapKCHCTCKaR coH­

OJIOrHR HaXO,ll;HTCR B pycJie Tpa,n;H HOHHOro THna Hay'l:HOCTH H HaeJie­ Ha Ha npH3HaHHe o6'beKTHBHOCTH Hay<rHblX 3HaHHH 06 o6eCTBe, HO B

HeH cyeCTByeT H npOTHBOilOJIOmHaR TeH,n;eHHR, KOTOpan opHeHTH­ pyeTCR Ha TO, 'ITO y r.3HMMeJIR H y M.Be6epa Ha3bIBaeTCR npHHHilOM OTHeCeHHR K eHHOCTH, TO eCTb corJiaCOBaHHe aMnHpH'IeCKHX,n;aHHb X H

TeopeTH'l:eCKHX BbIBO,ll;OB «C HCTOpH'l:eCKHM HHTepecoM anoxH», no,n; KO­ TOpbIM IlOHHMaJIHCb HCKJIIO'IHTeJibHO HHTepeCbl npoJieTapHaTa. 3TOT

no,n;xo,n; TpaHccpopMHposaJICR y B. 11. JieHHHa B npHinHnnapTHHHOCTH.

CorJiacHo aToMy npHHHny coHOJIOrH'l:eCKOe HCCJie,n;osaHHe, Jiro6aR TeOpHR o6eCTBeHHOH mH3HH HecyT Ha ce6e OTneqaTOK COHaJibHO­ KJiaCCOBbIX noaHHH ee asTopos. Ipe,n;JiaraJiacb TaKaR JIOrHKa paccym­

,n;eHHif: yqeHbIH-o6ecTsose,n;,n;eifcTsyeT B onpe,n;eJieHHbIX ycJIOBHRx H He MOmeT 6bITb CB060,n;HbIM OT HHX. 3TH YCJIOBHR HaKJia,ll;bIBalOT COOT­

BeTCTBYIOHH OTneqaTOK Ha ero HCCJie,n;oBaHHR. Y'l:eHblH-06ecTBOBe,n; npHHa,n;JiemHT K onpe,n;eJieHHOH COHaJibHO-KJiaCCOBOH rpynne, H OH He MOmeT HrHOpHpOBaTb COHaJibHO-KJiaCCOBbie HHTepeCbl. B o6b 'l:Hb X CJiy'laRx (qae Bcero, Kor,n;a OH npH,n;epmHBaeTCR KOHCepBaTHBHbI X y6em,n;eHHH) OH OTpamaeT HHTepecbI Toro KJiacca, K KOTOpOMY caM npH­ Ha,n;Jie)KHT. B,n;pyrHx cJiy'laRx (Kor,n;a pa3BHBaeT peBOJIIOHOHHbie KOH­ enHH) OH IlOKH,n;aeT Il03HHlf CBOero KJiacca H BbipamaeT KJiaCCOBbie HHTepecbI nepe,n;oBbIX o6ecTBeHHbIX CHJI. IocKOJibKY yqeHb1e-06e­ CTBose,n;b1, CTORBWHe Ha MapKCHCTCKHX Il03HHRX, 3aRBHJIH 0 TOM, 'ITO

OHH OTpamaroT HHTepecb1npoJieTapHaTa, pa6oqero KJiacca, TO, ecTecT­ BeHHO, B03HHKaJI Bonpoc, He npOTHBOpe'l:HT JIH HX TaKaR «aHramHpO­ BaHHOCTb» nposoarJiawaeMOMY HMH me npHHHny o6'beKTHBHOCTH. B pa6oTax MapKCHCTOB aTo npoTHBopeqHe pa3pewaJIOCb no TaKoif cxe­ Me: IlOCKOJibKY npoJieTapHaT RBJIReTCR caMbIM nepe,n;OBbIM, nporpec­ CHBHblM KJiaCCOM, TO OH BbipamaeT aanpOCbl H HHTepeCbl scero qeJIOBe­ qeCTBa (npoJieTapcKoe cosna,n;aeT c o6e'leJIOBe'lecKHM), a, cJie,n;osa­

TeJibHO, OH aaHHTepecoBaH B o6'beKTHBHOM aHaJIH3e o6eCTBeHHb X npoeccos. A aTo oaHaqaeT, 'ITO B yqeHHH MapKCH3Ma 06 o6ecTBe

napTHHHOCTb COBna,n;aeT c o6'beKTHBHOCTblO. 0,n;HaKO HCCJie,n;oBaTeJIH OTMeqaroT, 'ITO B pe3yJibTaTe peaJIH3aHH npHHHna napTHHHOCTH Ha­ y<rHbie HCCJie,n;oBaHHR 06 o6eCTBe 6bIJIH KpaifHe H,ll;eOJIOrH3HpOBaHbl. 0HH HOCHJIH o,n;HOCTopoHHHH, Heo6'beKTHBHb H xapaKTep. Pe3yJibTaTbI H BblBO,ll;bl 3THX HCCJie,n;oBaHHH nona,n;aJIH B aaBHCHMOCTb OT HHTepecoB npaBReH B CTpaHax «peaJibHOrO COHaJIH3Ma» IlOJIHTH'leCKOH 3JIHTbl,

«napTHHHOH sepxywKH».


6

OcHOBHbte amanbL u Hanpae.!l.eHusi paaeumusi CO'lfUO.!l.ozuu e CilIA

Han6onbIIIee paaBHTHe COQHonornqecKHe nccneoBaHHR nonyqnnn B CillA. J1ccneoBaTenn HCTOpMH coQHonorHH cqHTaroT, qTo ecnn B XIX Be­ Ke QeHTpOM COQHOnornqecKOH MbICnH 6bma 3anaHaR EBpona, TO Haqn­ HaR c 20-x rooB XX B. CillA npoqHo yepacnBaroT noaHQHH nepa B MH­ poBoJi COQHOnorHH.PeIIIaroee BnHRHHe Ha 6ypHoe pa3BHTHe COQHOnOrnH B CillA oKaaann a B3aHMOCBR3aHHbIX cpaKTopa: 6b1CTpoe npoxoaceHHe COQHOnorneJi Bcex IlRTH CTaH BHeIIIHeH HHCTHTYQHOHannaaQHH H 6onb­

IIIOH o6'beM KOHKpeTHbIX, 3MnnpnqecKHX COQHanbHbIX HCcneOBaHHH.

B 3anaHOH EBpone COQHOnorHR onro paaBHBanacb Ha HHHQHa­ THBHOH ocHoBe. HanpnMep, 0. KoHT He HMen nocTORHHoro aapa6oTKa, H

MHOrHe COQHOnorH, aa HCKnroqeHHeM r.3HMMenR, M. Be6epa, 3.,ZJ;ropK­

reHMa, 6blnH Bbrnyac eHbI pa6oTaTb BHe yHHBepcnTeTCKOH ccpepb1. B CillA ace coQHonorHR c caMoro Haqana HaqnHaeT cKnabIBaTbCR KaK yHHBepcHTeTcKaR HayKa. B 1892 roy 6b1na OTKpb1Ta nepBaR B MHpe Kacpepa COQHOnorHH H COQHOnornqecKHH cpaKynbTeT B qHKarCKOM yHnBepcnTeTe (eKaH.n;ac. CMonn). B 1901 roy Kypc COQHOnornn npe­ noaBancR B 169 yHnBepcHTeTax H Konneacax, a K KOHQY 80-x rooB noqTH B 250.

CoQHonorHR B CillA c caMoro Haqana cpopMnpyeTCR KaK npn­ KnaHaR 3MnHpnqecKaR HayKa. Yace B 1910 r. B CTpaHe 6hmo npoBeeHo f5onee 3 TbICRq 3MilHpnqecKHX HCCneoBaHHH. CeJiqac HX KOnnqecTBO Boapocno Ha Ba nopRKa. CoQnonornqecKHe nccneoBaHHR 6aanpyroT­ CR Ha 6onbIIIOH cpHHaHCOBOH OCHOBe. B HaCTORee BpeMR Ha npoBeeHHe COQHonornqecKHX nccneoBaHHH accHrHyeTCR o 2 MHnnnapoB onna­ poB.IlpnqeM npHMepHO nonOBHHY 3TOH cyMMbl accHrHyeT npaBHTenbCT­ BO CillA, a nonoBHHy - qacTHbIH 6naHec. B cTpaHe HMeeTcR oKono 100 TbICRq cneQHanHCTOB no COQHOnOrHH, KOTOpbie o6'beHHRIOTCR B PR ac­ COQHaQHH. IlpaBHTenbCTBO H npenpHHHMaTenH paccMaTpHBalOT COQH­ onorHIO KaK Baa<:HbIH HHCTpyMeHT npeooneHHR COQHanbHblX KOHcpnHK­ TOB H o6ecneqeHHR COQHanbHOH CTa6HnbHOCTH, KaK HHCTpyMeHT COQH­ anbHOro KOHTpOnR H ynpaBneHHR, IlOBbIIIIalOHH npOH3BOHTenbHOCTb

Tpya H o6ecneqeHHe 6narococTORHHR rpaacaH.BnaroapR paaBHTHro 3MilHpnqeCKHX HCcneoBaHHH, paapa60TKe cpyHaMeHTanbHOH MeTOO­ norHH, ncnonb30BaHHro MaTeMaTnqecKoro H cTaTHCTHqecKoro annapaTa, MOennpoBaHHR H 3KcnepHMeHTa COQHonorHR B CillA npeBpaTnnacb B TOqHyro HayKy.

3MnHpnqecKHe COQHOnornqeCKHe HccneoBaHHR HKTOBanHCb o6ecTBeHHb MH noTpe6HOCTRMH; BonbIIIOe MecTo B HHX aaHHMaroT npo- 6neMbI COQHannaaQHH paannqHb X COQHanbHb X rpynn, aanTaQHR K HO­ BbIM nR nroeH COQHanbHbIM H KynbTYPHbIM ycnOBHRM. B 3TOM nnaHe HaH6onbIIIee BnHRHHe Ha paapa60TKY COQHOnorHH B CillA OKaaano Bbl­ IIIeIIIee B 1918 r. ByxTOMHOe nccneoBaHHe <P. 3HaHetpwzo u Y. ToMa­ ca «llO.!l.bCKuu KpecmbJiHUH e Eepone u AMepuKe», re paccMaTpHBa­ nncb npo6neMbIaanTaQHH 3MHrpaHTOB K ycnoBHRM CillA. B 3TOH pa6o­ Te 6binH Bb1qneHeHbl OCHOBHbi e npHHQHilbl MeToonorHH H MeTOHKH KOHKpeTHO-COQHOn ornqecKHX HCCneOBaHHH.

CTaHOeneHHe "' OCHOBHble:nanbl HCTOPWl8CKOro P83BHTHR co4i.1onorni.1 29


3Ha'i11TeJibHoe paaB11T11e B CIIIA noJiy'i11JI1111ccJie,n;oBaH11H no co­ 110Jior1111Tpy,n;a 11ynpaBJieH11H. Ew;e B 90-x ro,n;ax aMepmtaHcK11i1: yqeHbIM

<Ppe,n;ep11K Y11HcJioy Tei1:Jiop (1856 - 1915) npo11aBeJI KOMnJieKCHbre 11c­ cJie,n;oBaH11H Ha npe,n;np11HT11Hx 11 coa,n;aJI nepByro B M11pe c11cTeMy HOT (Hay'IHaH opram13au;1rn Tpy,11,a). Tei1:Jiop no,n;po6Ho 11ayq11JI co11aJibH0-

3KOHOM11qecKyro opraH113a1110 npe,n;np11HT11H 11 np11IIIeJI K BbIBO,n;y' 'iTO TeXH11'ieCK11e 11opraH113a110HHbie HOBOBBe,n;eHMH caMM no ce6e He3cpcpeK­ T11BHbI. OH11 yn11pa10TCH B TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM «'leJioeeqecKHH Q>aKTOP», B MaTep11aJibHOe 11 MopaJibHOe CT11MyJI11poBaH11e, B 11CKYCCTBO a,n;MMHMCTpa­ 1111 ynpaBJIHTb npe,n;np11HT11eM. Tei1:Jiop nepBbIM 113 yqeHbIX pacKpbIJI 11 o6'bHCH11JI HBJieH11e pecTpuKn;uouuaMa (oT aHr. restriction -orpaH11'ie­ H11e), T. e. cpeHoMeH «pa60TbI c npoxJia,n;ei1:», coaHaTeJibHoe orpaH11'ieH11e pa6o'i11M11 Bbrpa60TK11.Ilo Tei1:Jiopy, B ocHoBe 3Toro cpeHOMeHa Jiem11T Me­ xaH113M rpynnoBoro,n;aBJieHMH 11 6JIOK11pOBaH11.fI cpopMaJibHb X HOpM c no­ MOill;blO HecpopMaJibHb X,,ZJ;JIH Toro, 'iT06bI BocnpenHTCTBOBaTb CTpeMJie­ H11IO npe,n;np11H11MaTeJiei1: yBeJI11'i11BaTb 3T11 HOpMbI Bbrpa60TK11 qepe3 no­ Hl1:1KeH11e paceHOK. Tei1:Jiop paapa6oTaJI 11 BHe,n;p11JI cJiomHyro c11cTeMy opraH113a110HHb X Mep -xpOHOMeTp1110, 11HCTPYK110HHbie KapTO'iK11,

MeTO,Zl;bI nepeo6y'ieH11H pa6oq11x, nJiaHoBoe 6ropo, c6op co11aJibHOM 11H­ cpopMa1111, HOBYIO CTPYKTYPY cpyHK110HaJibHoro a,n;M11H11cTp11poBaH11H.

OrpoMHOe BJIMHH11e Ha paaB11T11e aMep11KaHCKoi1: cooJiorn11 Tpy,n;a, opraH11aa1111, nJiaH11poBaH11H 11 ynpaBJieH11H 0KaaaJI11 3HaMeHMTbre Xo­ TOpHcK11e 3Kcnep11MeHTbI, np0Bo,n;11Mbre no,n; pyKoBo,n;cTBOM 3. M3i1:o B

1927-1932 rr.XoTopHcK11e 3Kcnep11MeHTbI npoBO,Z1;11J111Cb B ycJIOBMHX mec­

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,n;pyr11e BHeIIIH11e cpaKTOpbr. Ho B xo,n;e 3Kcnep11MeHTa 6brJio ycTaHOBJieHo, 'ITO 3T11cpaKTOpbI 11rpa10T BeCbMa He3Ha'i11TeJibHYffi pOJib. fJiaBHOe me BJI11-

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Âñå ìàòåðèàëû ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà ñàéòå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ öåëüþ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ÷èòàòåëÿìè è íå ïðåñëåäóþò êîììåð÷åñêèõ öåëåé èëè íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ. Ñòóäàëë.Îðã (0.024 ñåê.)