Assignment 11

The depositary is an organ to which the original text of the international treaty and all relevant instruments are transmitted fox custody. The depositary may be organs of state (states), international organizations or the chief administrative officer of the organization. One of the oldest institutions of international law, known from the ancient times, Depositary serves as an additional method to guarantee the validity and efficiency of international treaties The Depositary is designated by negotiating states either in the treaty itself or in some other manner. In order to provide participation of states in universal treaty, there may be designated several depositaries.

Main functions of the depositary are: keeping custody of the original text of the treaty, preparing certified copies» examining whether the signature or any instrument relevant to the treaty is in due and proper form, registering the treaty with the Secretariat of the United Nations, informing the parties of receiving of instruments of ratification and other documentation. One of the main functions of depositary is informing the States entitled to become parties to the treaty of entering of the treaty into force.

During the Cold War in order to achieve the balance of powers there was a practice of designation of Multiple depositaries for each multilateral international treaty, however, it wasn't widespread. The functions of a Depositary are international by their nature, administrative and executive, but not judicial or political, and while performing them he must act impartially.

Beyond the purely "mechanic" functions of the Depositary, there are supervisory and control functions: examining whether any instrument relevant to the treaty is in due and proper form, in particular, control for their compliance with main principles of international law. At the same time, Depositary in not empowered to interpret the substance of the documents relevant to the treaty that he receives. The fact that the treaty entered into force, the existence of the discrepancies between the parties and the depositary do not influence on the performance by the latter of his functions.

Загалом вважається, що принцип найбільшого сприяння почав застосовуватися в міжнародній торгівлі у вісімнадцятому столітті: Перша Світова Війна та наступні події призвели до зменшення його застосування, але із укладенням Генеральної угоди з тарифів і торгівлі (ГАТТ) в 1947 році було зроблено важливу спробу відродити ці ідеї шляхом включення їх у першу статтю ГАТТ. Водночас ГАТТ дозволяє робити суттєві виключення із принципу найбільшого сприяння. Основним чином, виключеннями є створення торгівельних блоків, зон вільної торгівлі та спільних ринків. Поява ЮНКТАД в 1960 році послабило дію принципу найбільшого сприяння, оскільки Третій Світ вимагав зміну його системою позитивної дискримінації. Наслідком цієї вимоги стала система преференцій між індустріально розвинутими країнами третім світом.

Принцип найбільшого сприяння залишається завітом для тих, хто вірив у вільну, рівну, недискримінаційну міжнародну систему торгівлі.

Most favored nation principle - is a complex of the legal relations, that arise both within the country and in international sphere concerning according by the state to me partner state, its natural and legal persons, goods, investment, things most-favored-nation treatment in an agreed sphere, not less favorable than treatment extended by the granting State to a third State, its persons, goods, investment, things. The provisions of a treaty on granting the status of the most favored nation is named most-favored-nation clause. The state that agrees to grant this status is called granting State, and a state, concerning which the obligation was taken - beneficiary. Normally, the most-favored-nation clause is bilateral and the granting States at the same time are beneficiaries.

Prepared by the UN International Law Commission during the 1964-76 and adopted by it in the second reading in 1978 Draft Articles on Most-Favored-Nation Clauses were left by UN General Assembly without consideration. At the same time, Draft Articles contain rules of international treaties and customs, which constitute the legal concept of the most-favored-nation.

Most-Favored-Nation basis - is one of the fundamental principles of World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides for granting customs facilities and also privileges in domestic taxes-and-duties for the production, manufacturing and operation of imported goods. Establishment of this regime leads to the equal conditions for the competition in foreign trade.

In the conditions of active involvement of Ukraine in the international division of labor. It may serve as an effective instrument for strengthening and widening of trade relations, grounded on the principles of equality, mutual benefit and common interest. Such approach calls for an elimination of any form of discrimination in foreign trade.

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