V. Translate the extract into Russian

The tern civil engineering is usually applied to such activities as the excavation and then the construction of different buildings, bridges, roads, docks, harbours and embankments as well as to the water control by dams and reservoirs, canals and aqueducts, pipelines and the reclamation of land.

By the way: What does the international word “reclamation” mean here? Explain it in the most detailed way in Russian.

VI. Make a report about the history of building ant tell it in class.

PART II

TEXTS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Warming-up

Who doesn't dream about travelling to Egypt? We think all the archi­tects do. Lets have a wonderful journey.

1. What wonders of the world do you know?

2. What is the only remained wonder of the world?

3. What are the greatest monuments of Egyptian architecture?

4. Who is supposed to be the first named architect?

5. What are the periods in the history of ancient Egyptian architecture?

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Text 1

During the Old Kingdom, the period when Egypt was ruled by the Kings of the 3rd to 6th Dynasties, artists and craftsmen were drawn to the court to work under the patronage of the king and his great nobles. Techniques of working in stone, wood, and metal made tremendous progress, demonstrat» ed by surviving large scale monuments, such as the pyramids of the 4th Dynasty and the sun temples built by the 5th-Dynasty kings. The pyramids of the 4th Dynasty are the most spectacular of all funerary works and the only remained wonder of the world. These monuments celebrated the di­vinity of the kings of Egypt, linking the people with the great gods of earth and sky.

This was a time when trade and the economy flourished. Craftsmen worked in the finest materials which were often brought great distances, and were able to experiment with recalcitrant stones as well as new tech­niques of metalworking. This enabled them by the 6th Dynasty to produce large metal figures. The earliest that survive are the copper statues of Pepi I and his son, found at Hierakonpolis. Made c. 2330 BC they are badly cor­roded but still impressive in their stiffly formal poses. The eyes are inlaid, and the crown and the kilt of the king, now missing, were probably origi­nally made of gilded plaster.

During the prosperous period known as the Middle Kingdom fortresses were built to defend the southern and eastern borders, and new areas of land were brought under cultivation. Craftsmen achieved new levels of ex­cellence. Very little architecture remains — many royal monuments were robbed for their stone in later periods — but what has survived shows great simplicity and refinement. The example is the pyramid of Sesostris I at Lisht.

The establishment of the 18th Dynasty marked the beginning of the New Kingdom and a new blossoming of the arts and crafts of ancient Egypt. Craftsmen benefited from wider contact with other civilizations, such as those of Crete and Mesopotamia, and were also able to work with import­ed raw materials.

The kings gave encouragement to artists and craftsmen by ordering great temples and palaces to be built throughout Egypt. The temple walls were covered with reliefs celebrating the achievements of the kings and the pow­ers of the gods. The courtyards and inner sanctuaries were enriched with statuary. The most notable monuments are the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatsheput at Deir-el-Bahari (c. 1480 BC), which had a series of pillared colonnades on three sides of three superimposed terraces linked by gigan­tic ramps and magnificent Great Temple at Karnak to Amon as the uni­versal god of Egypt.

Ancient Egyptian architecture was revived under the Ptolemies, the successors of Alexander the Great, who built numerous temples of tradi­tional style of which the finest examples that survive are the Temple of Horns at Etfu and the temples on the islands of Philae (c. 323—30 BC).

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