THE ROMAN INVASION OF THE BRITISH ISLES

The Romans with Julius Caesar at the head sailed to Britain in 55 B.C. & gave the land the name of Albion. Julius Ceasar brought the army of 10 000 men. The Britons fought desparately, but they were much weaker than the well-trained Romans, and soon fled. After the victory Julius Ceasar soon left Britain.

The real invasion took place in 43 A.D. when the Roman Emperor Claudius decided to make Britain part of the Roman Empire. An army of 40 000 Roman soldiers landed in Britain (Kent). Many Britons had to accept the Roman way of life, but some of them tried to resist the enemies for about 20 years.

Roman civilization brought straight, broad paved roads to England, the native language absorbed many Latin words. Many big towns were built along the roads, London, for example.

The Roman army marched deep into the countryside & slowly they drove native Britons into the mountains of Scotland & Wales. The Romans built forts in Wales & in the north of England to protect their land. The fierce unconquered tribes of Picts & Scots hiding in the mountains & valleys of Scotland raided northern England again & again.

The Emperor Hadrian decided to build a wall right across the country to control them. If you come to England, you can see Hadrian’s Wall, it is the most spectacular memorial to the Roman Empire in Britain. This immense barrier is an outstanding feat of military engineering. For over 250 years it stood as Rome’s northern frontier.

15 000 Roman soldiers guarded the wall, which was 120 km long & about 4 meters high. Every 8 km there was a large fort, which could hold up to 1000 Roman soldiers. About 1500 meters there was a small fort called a milecastle, which could hold up to 30 soldiers. The Romans guarded the wall all the time. If the tribes attacked, they ran for help or signalled with flags or fires. Much of the wall still exists today, & there is plenty to see along its whole length. As well as the better-known forts, there are smaller sites: turrets, milecastles, signal towers…

In 383 the Roman legions began to leave Britain to fight in Gaul (France) against Barbarian tribes who were invading the Roman Empire.

Вариант 3

ЗАДАНИЯ к упражнениям:

1. Перепишите предложения, употребив артикль, где необходимо:

2 Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Инфинитив». Инфинитив подчеркните.

3 Перепишите предложения, употребив нужную форму причастия, образовав ее от глагола,

данного в скобках. Предложения переведите.

4 Измените залог глагола в следующих предложениях, переведите их на русский язык.

5 Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Герундий». Герундий подчеркните.

6 Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему: «Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты». Подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, определите их время.

7 Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Continuous. Предложения переведите

8 Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Perfect. Предложения переведите

9 Перепишите предложения, изменив прямую речь косвенной.

10 Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык.

Задание № 1

1. St. Bernard dogs are named after a monastery high up in __ Alps. 2. The President lives in __ White House.

3. __Frank is a student at __ Georgetown University. 4. Which hotel are you staying at? - At __ Sheraton.

5. Last year we visited __ Canada and __ United States. 6. __Nile is __ longest river in __ Africa.

7. Next year we are going skiing in __ Swiss Alps. 8. In __ Britain coffee is more expensive than __ tea.

Задание № 2

1. We can go, there is nothing to wait for now. 2. To do this is practically impossible. 3. To be good specialists we must study well. 4. I'm afraid I have nothing to say. 5. The child seemed to be sleeping.

Задание № 3

1. The (abandon) car was towed away by a tow truck. 2. Any (think) person knows that smoking is a destructive habit. 3. I still have five more (require) courses to take. 4. We made our way through the (crowd) streets.

5. The (steal) jewelry was found.

Задание № 4

1. Several people saw the accident. 2. Ann sends letters every week. 3. Fred will invite Helen to the party.

4. The medicine cured my illness. 5. The cat will catch the mouse.

Задание № 5

1. She can't translate the text without using a dictionary. 2. My cousin Anthony is fond of reading English novels. 3. Nobody knew about his being ill. 4. Robin Hood helped the poor by offering them food and shelter. 5. I like skating.

Задание № 6.

1. We needn’t drive fast; we have plenty of time. 2. You are not to drive fast; there is a speed limit here.

3. You will have to get up very early tomorrow not to be late. 4. Who can do this work for tomorrow?

5. Daniel won’t be able to come at 6 o'clock tomorrow.

Задание № 7

1. Why are you in a hurry? If you arrive at 8 o'clock, they still (to cook) the meal. 2. Why you (to cry)? Is something wrong? 3. Let's go for a walk. It (not to rain) now. 4. Somebody stole the money from Dad's pocket while he (to sleep). 5. I (to sit) by the window when I heard the noise.

Задание № 8

1. By this time next year I (to save) $2500.

2. When we reach the hill we (to do) half of the journey.

3. You ever (to drink) whisky?

4. He (not to smoke) for two weeks. He is trying to give it up.

5. I (not to see) you for ages. Where you (to be)?

Задание № 9.

1. Julia asked: “What is your favourite TV programme?”
2. Michael said to John: “Last year I spent my holidays in the South ”
3. We asked our friends: “What are you doing now? ”
4. Mother told her child: “Don’t tell me lies, I don’t believe you”
5. Robert asked: “Who will meet me at the station when I arrive? ”

Задание № 10

THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF GREAT BRITAIN

The UK is a parliamentary monarchy. The head of the state is a king or a queen. Royal power is for life and is inherited by law. Monarchy in Britain was broken only once in the 17^th century by Oliver Cromwell. The present monarch of the UK is Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, II. She was born in 1925 and crowned in Westminster Abbey in London in 1953.

The Queen and her husband Prince Philip have four children: Charles, Ann, Andrew and Edward. The royal family lives in Buckingham Palace in London.

There are three branches of state power in the UK: legislative, executive and judicial.

The highest organ of legislative power is Parliament which resides in Westminster Palace and consists of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The main function of Parliament is making laws of the country. The members of each House meet in session which begins in the end of October and lasts for about 160 days. All the time Parliament is in session a flag can be seen over the building.

A king or a queen summons Parliament into session which is opened by his (her) speech from the throne, has the right to confer the titles of peer, baron, knight…etc, to appoint ministers, judges, diplomats, governors, bishops, officers in the army, navy and air forces.

The House of Lords consists of peers, its members are not elected by the population. The chairman is Lord Chancellor. He sits on the woolsack – a large bag of wool covered with a red cloth. It shows that wool made England rich.

The members of the House of Commons are elected for a period of 5 years. The chairman is the Speaker. He is elected by all the members of the House of Commons, but he never votes with them. However, if the votes are equal he votes with the government.

The highest organ of executive power is the Cabinet of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister (PM). The Cabinet carries out domestic and foreign policy of the state. Its members are elected by the Prime Minister who is the leader of the party in power. The party in power is the political party which has won the elections.

The highest organ of judicial power is the Supreme Court. Its function is to interpret the Constitution and to decide on the disputed questions of law (civil, political, criminal, etc)

As you know the monarchy today has no power. Elizabeth, II, the present queen, reigns but doesn’t rule.

The UK has no single written constitutional document. It is governed by the collection of laws and acts that were adopted at different times.

Вариант 4

ЗАДАНИЯ к упражнениям:

1. Перепишите предложения, употребив артикль, где необходимо:

2 Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Инфинитив». Инфинитив подчеркните.

3 Перепишите предложения, употребив нужную форму причастия, образовав ее от глагола,

данного в скобках. Предложения переведите.

4 Измените залог глагола в следующих предложениях, переведите их на русский язык.

5 Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Герундий». Герундий подчеркните.

6 Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему: «Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты». Подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, определите их время.

7 Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Continuous. Предложения переведите

8 Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Perfect. Предложения переведите

9 Перепишите предложения, изменив прямую речь косвенной.

10.Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык.

Задание № 1

1. ___Moon goes around __ Earth every 27 days. 2. __ Indian Ocean is between __ America and __ Asia.

3. __ Mediterranean Sea is between __ Africa and __ Europe. 4. __ Danube flows through __ Vienna,

__ Budapest, and __ Belgrade. 5. __ Americans are famous for their riches. 6. __ Russians are famous for their hospitality. 7. __USA is the biggest country of __North America. 8. __ Ontario is one of the largest lakes in __North of __United States, on the border with __ Canada.

Задание № 2

1. Ralph appeared to be reading the book at that very time. 2. Their task was to reach the city before dark.

3. I hesitated a little which book to choose. 4. He wanted the work to be completed in the month.

5. I have some important news to tell you.

Задание № 3

1. Success in one’s work is a (to satisfy) experience. 2. The dragon was a (to terrify) sight for the villagers.

3. The (to terrify) villagers ran for their lives. 4. A kid accidentally threw a ball at one of the school windows. Someone needs to repair the (to break) window. 5. A (to damage) earthquake happened recently.

Задание № 4

1. Engineers design bridges. 2. Prince Yury Dolgorouky founded Moscow in 1147. 3. These builders build a new house in the next street. 4. Will Ann cook dinner for us? 5. Redyard Kipling wrote that book.

Задание № 5

1. Do you mind going home right now? 2. This film is not worth seeing. 3. The habit of smoking is troublesome.

4. Michael answered without thinking. 5. Swimming is my favourite summer sport.

Задание № 6.

1. The students had to wait for their teacher for 15 minutes. 2. I could not ski when I was little.
3. He has to stay at home because it is cold. 4. He was to come there at 5 o’clock. 5. She needn’t buy bread.

Задание № 7

1. Why you (not to hurry)? I (to wait) for you. 2. I don't speak any foreign language, but I (to learn) English. 3. I'm not sure I'll recognize Eve. I haven't seen her for ages. - She (to wear) a dark blue pullover and jeans. 4. It (to rain) cats and dogs as I (to walk) towards their house. 5. Just as Tom (to cross) the street, a car came round the corner

Задание № 8

1. You ever (to play) chess? You should try it. I’m sure it’s the sort of game you’d like.

2. The roads were wet because it had (to rain) all night.

3. When I arrived at the party, Mary already (to leave).

4. We were good friends. We (to know) each other for a long time.

5. By next winter they (to build) four houses in this field.

Задание № 9.

1. She answered: “My watch is wrong, it needs fixing. ”
2. Jason added:: “Don’t bother Nick, he is very busy ”
3. Her brother asked: “How much did you p[ay for this brown suit?”
4. Father said to his son: “Ask your friend to help you ”
5. Helen said to me: “Tomorrow morning I am leaving for Moscow ”

Задание № 10

THE UNITED NATIONS

The United Nations is an organization of sovereign nations representing almost all of humanity. It has as its central goal the maintenance of international peace and security. Addi­tionally, its purposes call for the development of friendly rela­tions among nations based on equal rights and self-determina­tion of peoples and, through international co-operation, the solution of problems of an economic, social, cultural and huma­nitarian nature.

The United Nations is the meeting-place where representa­tives of all member states — great and small, rich and poor, with varying political views and social systems — have a voice and an equal vote in shaping a common course of action.

The United Nations has played, and continues to play, an active role in reducing tension in the world, preventing conflicts and putting an end to fighting already under way.

There are six main organs of the United Nations — the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Secretariat and the International Court of Justice. The Court has its seat at the Hague, Netherlands. All other organs are based at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.

Members of the General Assembly talk to each other in many languages, but officially there are only six — Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.

The Secretariat services the other organs of the United Nations and administers the programmes and policies laid down by them. Over 20,000 men and women are employed by the United Nations with about one-third of them at the Head­quarters and the other two-thirds stationed around the globe. Staff members are recruited primarily from member states and are drawn from more than 140 nations. As international civil servants, each takes an oath not to seek or receive instructions from any government or outside authority.

Working for the United Nations, mostly "behind the scenes" at the Headquarters, are linguists, economists, editors, social scientists, legal experts, librarians, journalists, statisticians, broadcasters, personnel officers, administrators and experts in all the varied fields of activity covered by the United Nations. They prepare the reports and studies requested by various bodies of the United Nations; they issue press releases and pro­duce publications, broadcasts and films giving information about the United Nations; and they perform the administrative duties needed to implement resolutions adopted by the various organs. In addition, there are stenographers, clerks, engineers and technicians, tour guides and also a body of security offi­cers in blue-grey uniforms who are responsible for the security of the United Nations Headquarters. At the head of the Secre­tariat is the Secretary-General.

The main Headquarters of the United Nations are based in New York. The United Nations Organization Secretariat occu­pies the higher building. The General Assembly is held in the lower building.

Вариант 5

ЗАДАНИЯ к упражнениям:

1. Перепишите предложения, употребив артикль, где необходимо:
2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Инфинитив». Инфинитив подчеркните.
3. Перепишите предложения, употребив нужную форму причастия, образовав ее от глагола,

данного в скобках. Предложения переведите.

1. Измените залог глагола в следующих предложениях, переведите их на русский язык.
2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Герундий». Герундий подчеркните.
3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему: «Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты». Подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, определите их время.
4. Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Continuous. Предложения переведите
5. Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Perfect. Предложения переведите
6. Перепишите предложения, изменив прямую речь косвенной.
7. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык.

Задание № 1

1. ---United States of America occupy a large territory. 2. ---USA is situated in the central and southern part of ---Northern America. 3. It is washed by ---Atlantic Ocean in --- east and by ---Pacific Ocean in ---west. 4. It stretches from ---Canada in ---north to --- Mexico, --- Gulf of Mexico, and ---Gulf of California in --- south. 5. In size, --- USA is ---fourth among the nations after ---Russia, ---Canada and --- China. 6. It has many islands in ---Pacific Ocean and ---Virgin Islands in ---Atlantic.

7. --- north-eastern part of ---USA is the region of ---five --- Great Lakes (---Lake Supe­rior, ---Huron, ---Michigan, ---Erie, and ---Ontario) which are connected by channels cut by rapids. 8. --- greatest of these rapids is ---Niagara Falls.

Задание № 2

1. He is not the man to trifle with. 2. I didn't want to disturb you. 3. I am happy not to have failed you.

4. Can you lend me an English book to read? 5. My brother has come to help us.

Задание № 3

1. People are still in the process of repairing the many (damage) buildings and streets. 2. I made my way through the (crowd) room. 3. I bought some (freeze) vegetables at the supermarket. 4. No one lives in that (desert) house except a few ghosts. 5. The thief tried to open the (lock) cabinet.

Задание № 4

1. Jack won’t pay the bill. 2. The waiter gave me a glass of water. 3. We wrote you last month.

4. Tommy didn’t break the chair. 5. This student makes no mistakes in his dictations.

Задание № 5

1. Before leaving London I shell let you know. 2. When did you finish writing your letter? 3. We enjoyed listening this concert. 4. On learning that my friend was ill I went to see him immediately. 5. She is fond of dancing.

Задание № 6.

1. I could get only two tickets yesterday. 2. You will have to repair the chair tomorrow. 3. When the rain stops we shall be able to look for your doll. 4. Can you lend me $10? - Yes, I can. 5. Mike was not allowed to go to the cinema yesterday because he is too little.

Задание № 7

1. We (to spend) next weekend at home. 2. I (to meet) Liz tonight. She (to come) from Cork. 3. Don’t call me from 10 till 12 on Tuesday, I (to get ready) for my test on Chemistry. 4. At six o'clock tomorrow I (to wait) for Jennie at the station. 5. The student (to reply) to the question when the headmistress came in.

Задание № 8

1. The children were dirty. They (to play) in the garden, and they were covered in mud.

2. I was very nervous at the beginning of the match. I never (to play) before.

3. You (not to buy) your mother a present? That’s really mean of you!

4. Now where are my keys? This is the third time I (to lose) them today!

5. When you come back I (to finish) all the housework.

Задание № 9.

1. Julia asked: “What time is it?”
2. Michael said to John: “Two years ago my uncle Tom went to the Crimea ”
3. We said to our friends: “We are going to travel much this summer ”
4. Mother told her child: “Don’t take these books!”
5. Robert asked: “Has your sister ever been to Canada?”

Задание № 10.

Great Britain

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North­ern Ireland is situated on the British Isles — a large group of islands lying off the north-western coast of Europe and separated from the continent by the English Channel and the Strait of Dover in the south and the North Sea in the east.

The British Isles consist of two large islands — Great Britain and Ireland — separated by the Irish Sea, and a lot of small islands, the main of which are the Isle ofWight in the English Channel, Anglesea and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea, the Hebrides — a group on islands off the north-western coast of Scotland, and two groups of islands lying to the north of Scotland: the Orkney Islands and the Shetland Islands.

Great Britain consists of four main parts: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Administratively Great Britain is divided into 55 counties.

The biggest cities of Great Britain are London Bir­mingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Edinburgh, and Cardiff.

Great Britain is a parlimentary monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the Queen (or the King). However, the power of the Queen in Great Britain is not absolute. She acts only on the advice of the ministers and Parliament. There is no written constitution in Great Britain. The main principles of British legislation are expressed in other documents, like "Magna Charta", "Habeas Corpus Act", "Bill of Rights", the Parlimentary Act which decided the position of the House of Lords, the Judicature Act, etc. The British leg­islation does not provide written guarantees of individual political rights.

Parliament in Great Britain exits since 1265 and is the eldest Parliament in the world. It consists of two Houses — the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of 1000 peers who are not elected by the people. The House of Commons is a nation-wide representative body which is elected by the people at a general election not less friequently than once in 5 years. After the general election the Queen appoints the head of the government — the Prime Minister. As a rule the Prime Minister is the leader of the party that has won the election. The Prime Minister appoints the ministers to compose the government.

There are two main political parties in Great Britain: the Conservative party and the Labour party. The Concervative party came into being in the 19th century as a result of the evolution of the Tory party. The Labour party was founded in 1900. Since 1906 it has borne the name of the Labour Party. For the first time the Labour Party won the election in 1945.

Вариант 6

ЗАДАНИЯ к упражнениям:

1. Перепишите предложения, употребив артикль, где необходимо:

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Инфинитив». Инфинитив подчеркните.

3. Перепишите предложения, употребив нужную форму причастия, образовав ее от глагола,

данного в скобках. Предложения переведите.

4. Измените залог глагола в следующих предложениях, переведите их на русский язык.

5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Герундий». Герундий подчеркните.

6. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему: «Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты». Подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, определите их время.

7. Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Continuous. Предложения переведите

8. Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Perfect. Предложения переведите

9. Перепишите предложения, изменив прямую речь косвенной.

10. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык.

Задание № 1

1. Is __ Black Sea bigger or smaller than __ Red Sea? 2. __ Pacific Ocean is not so cold as __ Arctic Ocean. 3. __ Sahara is the biggest desert in __North Africa. 4. __ Mont Blanc is the highest peak in __Alps.

5. __city of __ London stands on __ river Thames. 6. Is __ Mississippi longer or shorter than __ Amazon river? 7. __ Portugal is a small country in __ west of Europe; on one of its borders is __ Spain, on the other is __ Atlantic ocean. 8. Who was the first to reach __ North Pole?

Задание № 2

1. He has a large family to support. 2. My grand father likes to be asked about his work at the plant.

3. I was sorry that I had nobody to speak to. 4. He is not the right person to discuss it with.
5. To see her there was a surprise to me.

Задание № 3

1. The trip tired everybody. Everyone was (to tire). The trip was (to tire). 2. Ann boiled an egg. She took the egg out of the (to boil) water. She had a (to boil) egg for breakfast. 3. The news upset us. We were (to upset). The news was (to upset). 4. Their behavior shocked us. It was (to shock) behavior. We were (shock).

5. Bob’s grades disappointed his parents. His grades were (to disappoint). His parents were (to disappoint).

Задание № 4

1. My uncle will meet you at the airport. 2. Our plane will land at 6:05. 3. Mother woke me up at 7 o’clock.

4. Thousands of people ride the subway every day. 5. Lightning didn’t cause the fire.

Задание № 5

1. There was a little hope of winning the contest. 2. When will you finish reading this book? 3. I couldn’t help laughing when I heard that answer. 4. Are you fond of playing football? 5. Do you mind my closing the door?

Задание № 6.

1. I could not go to the theatre with them last night, I had to revise the grammar rules and the words for test.

2. My friend lives a long way from his office and has to get up early. 3. All of us are to be in time for classes.

4. When my friend has his English, he has to stay at the office after work. 5. Are you able to drive?

Задание № 7

1. Alice is in her room right now. She (to read) a book. She (to like) the book. 2. It (to snow) right now. It’s beautiful! I (to like) this weather. 3. You (to expect) guests? Your apartment is so neat! 4. Why you (to pack) your suitcase? — I (to leave) for Los Angeles in a couple of hours. 5. What you (to do) between 5 and 6 o'clock yesterday evening?

Задание № 8

1. Your father already (to be) to England?

2. You (to have) any lunch yet.

3. These people never (to meet) before.

4. In a fortnight we (to take) our exam on Physics.

5. I knew the facts of the case because I (to read) the report

Задание № 9.

1. She answered: “I prefer tea to coffee ”
2. Jason added: “Next Sunday we’ll come to see you”
3. Her brother asked: “What will you do tomorrow if the weather is fine? ”
4. Father said to his son: “Give me the newspaper! ”
5. Helen said to me: “Do you see a car near the house? ”

Задание № 10

Oliver Cromwell

The centuries-long rivalry between the Crown and.Parliament came to an open fight in the 17^th century.

The king of England was Charles I, a young man who wanted to rule over England without Parliament. He needed money for wars, but Parliament refused to give it. In 1642 Charles I tried to arrest some.members of Parliament, but could not do it. Then he left Parliament and never came back as a king. Mem­bers of Parliament decided to build up an army to fight against the king, and gave money to teach the soldiers. But they understood that courage alone was not enough to win battles. It was necessary to have a strong leader who would train the army and lead it. Such a leader was found. It was Oliver Cromwell.

Cromwell was a member of Parliament. He was a country gentleman, a rough man, unskillful as a speak­er, but known for his strength of character and his deep sincerety and religious feeling.

Cromwell trained his soldiers in complete obedi­ence, filled them with the desire to fight for free­dom, Parliament and religion. His famous order was: "Trust in God and keep your powder dry."

Many thousands of soldiers were killed during the Civil War. In 1644 a Scottish army of 20,000 men came to help Cromwell. In the battle near the town of York the Parliamentary army won a victory and the king's army was defeated. Charles I was brought to trial in London and accused of having made war on his people and of being an enemy of his country. He was found guilty¹ and sentenced to death. In Janu­ary 1649 Charles was beheaded. In the same month the Parliamentary government came to power and proclaimed England a republic. Cromwell got the ti­tle of Lord Protector.

Cromwell ruled the country firmly, but he did not like to be contradicted, and finally dismissed Parlia­ment. During the last years of his life he became a dictator who ruled the country without the council of the people. The English Republic, the first republic in Europe, did not justify the hopes of the people.

In September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died. The po­litical instability that followed his death led to the demand for the restoration of monarchy. In 1660 the newly elected Parliament invited Charles II, the son of the executed king, to occupy the English throne.

Вариант 7

ЗАДАНИЯ к упражнениям:

1. Перепишите предложения, употребив артикль, где необходимо:

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Инфинитив». Инфинитив подчеркните.

3. Перепишите предложения, употребив нужную форму причастия, образовав ее от глагола,

данного в скобках. Предложения переведите.

4. Измените залог глагола в следующих предложениях, переведите их на русский язык.

5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Герундий». Герундий подчеркните.

6. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему: «Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты». Подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, определите их время.

7. Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Continuous. Предложения переведите

8. Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Perfect. Предложения переведите

9. Перепишите предложения, изменив прямую речь косвенной.

10. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык.

Задание № 1

1. __ Greece is situated in... South-East Europe, on __coast of __ Mediterranian Sea. 2. The official name of __ Holland is __ State of __ Netherlands, or simply __ Netherlands; this word is used with the definite article because it means 'low lands'. 3. __ forests of __ Siberia and of __ Far East are __ greatest forests in __ East of __ Russia. 4. __ United Kingdom includes __ Great Britain and __ Northern Ireland; it is situated on two big islands, which are called __ British Isles. 5. __ birthplace of European civilization was situated between __ Tiger and __ Euphrates rivers; the place is now called __ Middle East, and includes __ Iraque, __ Republic of Syria, __ Kingdom of Jordan, __ Israel and other states.

Задание № 2

1. I know him to be seriously ill. 2. Your parents will not like your plan to live abroad. 3. I can't hear a word though he seems to be speaking. 4. Peter wants us to go to the cinema on Monday. 5. Mary wants to be helped.

Задание № 3

1. The sad movie depressed me. I was (to depress). It was a (to depress) movie. 2. (to pollute) water is not safe for drinking. 3. I don’t have any furniture of my own. Do you know where I can rent a (to furnish) apartment?

4. The equator is the (to divide) line between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. 5. The poor people who live in shacks south of the city don’t have (to run) water.

Задание № 4

1. People grow rice in India. 2. My aunt made this rug. 3. They will fix my car today. 4. They speak French in Quebec. 5. Did Thomas Edison invent the telephone?

Задание № 5

1. On entering the room Robert greeted everybody. 2. Before going to bed I usually listen to the latest news.

3. What about going to the cinema tonight? 4. I don’t mind sleeping with the windows open.

5. He was surprised at my playing chess so well.

Задание № 6.

1. "Can we discuss this question now?" "No, we can’t." We shall be able to do it tomorrow afternoon."

2. You must not to tell him anything about it before you get further instructions. 3. The child was not allowed to take the apple. 4. You will have to wait here for 15 minutes. 5. You look tired. I think you should consult a doctor and give up smoking.

Задание № 7

1. Don is at a restaurant right now. He (to eat) dinner. 2. Look at this picture! Jane (to sit) in a chair. A cat (to sit) on her lap. Jane (to hate) the cat. 3. Betty (to do) her French homework when Bob came to see her last Saturday. 4. When I saw Harry he (to wait) for someone. 5. Ann (to cook) breakfast for all of us from 7 till 8 tomorrow.

Задание № 8

1. I’m not surprised he (fail) that exam. He (not / work) hard recently.

2. How many times Wendy (be) late for work this week?

3. I didn't know that there had been a terrible rain here.

4. He said he had bought a new car.

5. My sister (to know) the result of her exam by three o’clock tomorrow.

Задание № 9.

1. Julia asked: “What do you do?”
2. Michael said to John: “Next summer I shall visit my cousin Susan ”.
3. We said to our friend: “Your mother was cooking dinner when we came yesterday”.
4. Mother told her child: “Learn this poem by heart for tomorrow”.
5. Robert asked: “Will Mary go to the cinema tomorrow?”

Задание № 10.

Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Thatcher is the second daughter of a grocer and a dressmaker, who became the first wom­an in European history to be elected Prime Minister. Then she became the first British Prime Minister in the twentieth century who won three consecutive terms. At the time of her resignation in 1990, she was the longest-serving Prime Minister of Britain since 1827. Some people consider her a true political revolutionary because she broadened the base of the Conservative Party, including the middle class along the wealthy aristocracy.

Margaret Thatcher was born on October 13, 1925, Lincolnshire, England. She was a clever child, in life she decided to become a member of Parliament. She was educated at Somerville College at Oxford University. She earned a master of a degree from Oxford in 1950 and worked for a short time as a research chemist. In 1950 she married Den' Thatcher, a director of a paint firm. After her marriage she specialized in tax law.

In the 1959 elections Thatcher won a seat in Parliament. Because of her debating skills she soon be­came prominent among other politicians. In 1974 she became the leader of the Conservative Party.

When the Conservatives won a decisive victory in the 1979 general elections, Thatcher became Prime Minister. As Prime Minister she limited government control, giving individuals greater independence from the state and ending government interference in the economy. Thatcher became known as the Iron Lady because of her strict control over her cabinet and the country's economic policies.

During her third term Thatcher continued the "Thatcher revolution" by returning education, health care and housing to private control.

Margaret Thatcher resigned from office in 1990. Margaret Thatcher is certainly an outstanding fig­ure in Britain's political life. According to political observers, she brought long-needed changes to British government and society.

Вариант 8

ЗАДАНИЯ к упражнениям:

1. Перепишите предложения, употребив артикль, где необходимо:

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Инфинитив». Инфинитив подчеркните.

3. Перепишите предложения, употребив нужную форму причастия, образовав ее от глагола,

данного в скобках. Предложения переведите.

4. Измените залог глагола в следующих предложениях, переведите их на русский язык.

5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Герундий». Герундий подчеркните.

6. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему: «Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты». Подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, определите их время.

7. Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Continuous. Предложения переведите

8. Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Perfect. Предложения переведите

9. Перепишите предложения, изменив прямую речь косвенной.

10. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык.

Задание № 1

1. __ largest and deepest ocean in __ world is __ Pa­cific, then comes __ Atlantic. 2. __ Indian ocean is only __ little smaller. 3. __ smallest ocean is __ Arctic. 4. __ longest river in __ world is __ Mississippi, __ largest sea is __ Mediterranean, __ deepest lake is __ Lake Baikal. 5. Large masses of __ land are called __ con­tinents. 6. They are __ Europe and Asia, __ North and __ South America, __ Australia and __ Antarctica. 7. There are mountain chains in many parts of __ world. 8. Some of them such as __ Urals are old, others like __ Caucasus are much younger. 9. __ highest mountain chain, which is called __ Himalayas, is situated in __ Asia.

Задание № 2

1. To repair the house will take two months. 2. To finish this work today is very important. 3. To err is human. 4. To be or not to be - that is the question. 5. To get a fresh copy of the “Morning Star" I shall have to go to our library.

Задание № 3

1. No one may attend the lecture except (to invite) guests. 2. Because we have a (to write) agreement, our landlord won’t be able to raise our rent for two years. 3. After an (to exhaust) trip of twelve hours, Jason fell asleep at the dinner table. 4. I like to hear the sound of gently (to fall) rain. 5. (to freeze) fish is as nutritious as fresh fish, but it doesn’t taste quite as good.

Задание № 4

1. How do people make candles? 2. Very few people watch that TV show. 3. Someone cut down that tree last week. 4. Sally made that pie. 5. Three continents surround the Mediterranean Sea.

Задание № 5

1. Do you mind my smoking here? 2. I have no intention of staying here any longer. 3. He was fond of skiing & skating when he was a child. 4. Mary hates wasting time. 5. Your missing the classes so often doesn't do you any good.

Задание № 6.

1. We had to buy some food for the picnic. 2. Mr. Smith must be in his office now. 3. Carol can speak three foreign languages. 4. A student of the Harvard University is to pay 3,000 dollars a year for his studies. 5. A mother to a child: “You are not allowed to open the door when I am out”.

Задание № 7

1. Look at this picture! Mr. Allen (to hold) a cat. He (to love) the cat. The cat (to lick) Mr. Allen’s face.

2. What you (to read) right now? — I (to read) my grammar book. 3. We (to watch) this match on TV tomorrow from 10 till 11. 4. When James came Mary (to look for) something. 5. Right now Robert is in the kitchen.

He (to cook) rice and beans for dinner.

Задание № 8

1. By 6 o’clock yesterday we had already finished our work.

2. We (go) to the Steak House restaurant many times. The food is excellent.

3. John’s terribly upset. He (break) off his engagement to Megan. Apparently she (see) someone else since he went to Africa.

4. By the time you come tomorrow Jack (to go) to work.

5. When I woke, the sun (not to rise) yet.

Задание № 9.

1. She answered: “I have read this book twice ”.

2. Jason added: “I didn’t want to do any harm ”.

3. Her brother asked: “Is Sally watching TV now? ”

4. Father said to his son: “Don’t take this heavy suitcase! ”

5. Helen said to me: “I think it will rain soon”.

Задание № 10

POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE USA

The USA is a federal republic consisting of 50 states & the independent district Columbia which doesn't belong to any state. The form of American government is based on the Constitution adopted in Philadelphia in 1787. Since that time many amendments were adopted. The first ten of amendments to American Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights.

The US government makes & enforces laws, collects taxes, provides services for the people, protects individuals & their propriety and works for national & international security. Abraham Lincoln described the US government as “ the government of people, by the people & for the people”. TheUS government negotiates with other governments & participates in inter-national organizations to promote peace, health & education. It has its powers to declare war & to conclude peace pacts. It keeps the armed forces & can draft citizens for military service.

The political system of the USA consists of three branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch & the judicial branch. Each branch is independent from the other two ones.

The highest organ of the legislative power is Congress which consists of the Senate & the House of Representatives. The Senate & the House of Representatives meet in different chambers in the Capitol in Washington. D.C. Congress makes laws, levies federal taxes, declares war or puts foreign treaties into effect.

The Senate has 100 members. Each state regardless of its territory & population has 2 senators who serve 6-year terms. The Vice President of the USA presides over the Senate.

The House of Representatives consists of 435 members. They are elected for a period of 2 years. Each state sends a different number of men according to the population of the state. Thus, California has 52 members while Alaska, Delaware & some other states only one.

The executive branch consists of the President and his Cabinet. The President is the head of the state, he lives in the White House in Washington, DC.

A President must be a natural born citizen of the USA or the resident of the country not less than 14 years. A President must be over 35 years old. He is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces & the head of the state. The President & Vice President are elected for a 4-year term & may be in office not more than 2terms.

A famous President, Franklin Roosevelt, was elected 4 times, but since that time the Congress has passed a law making anything longer than 2 terms illegal. The process of getting the new president into office is called 'Inauguration'. The new president takes office at noon of January, 20 of the year following the elections. He takes the oath & delivers his speech on the steps of the Capitol.

The highest organ of the judicial power is the Supreme Court. It has one Chief Justice & 8 Associated Justices. The President appoints these men for life, but they must be approved by the Senate. The decision of the Supreme Court is final.

Each state in the USA has its own government & constitution, but no state may pass a law contrary to the Constitution of the US laws & treaties.

Вариант 9

ЗАДАНИЯ к упражнениям:

1. Перепишите предложения, употребив артикль, где необходимо:

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Инфинитив». Инфинитив подчеркните.

3. Перепишите предложения, употребив нужную форму причастия, образовав ее от глагола,

данного в скобках. Предложения переведите.

4. Измените залог глагола в следующих предложениях, переведите их на русский язык.

5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Герундий». Герундий подчеркните.

6. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему: «Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты». Подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, определите их время.

7. Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Continuous. Предложения переведите

8. Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Perfect. Предложения переведите

9. Перепишите предложения, изменив прямую речь косвенной.

10. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык.

Задание № 1

1. __ Robin Hood is a popular but largely mythical hero of many ballads and stories. 2. In __ North autumn

is a cold sea­son; 3. The walk from __ Charing Cross to __ Whitechapel is long, you'd better take a bus.

4. __ Kipling is a great English writer. 5. __ Mr Jingle is a character in __ Dickens' "Pickwick Papers".

6. __ English are fond of cricket. 7. __ British Isles are a group of islands off the coast of Europe which

comprise Great Britain, Ireland and a number of smaller islands. 8. __ Britain is the name of a country.

Задание № 2

1. I didn't know whether to laugh or cry. 2. He was always ready to help anyone. 3. To tell him about my plans is not necessary. 4. I have nothing to tell you. 5. He stood to see the stage better.

Задание № 3

1. The (to invade) army plundered the villages of food and valuables. 2. Skydiving is a (to thrill) experience.

3. (to experience) travelers pack lightly. They carry little more than necessities. 4. Ben’s tasteless jokes didn’t produce the (to intend) effect. Instead, his guests were offended. 5. The professor broke the tense atmosphere in the classroom by beginning her lecture with some (to amuse) anecdotes.

Задание № 4

1. People didn’t build Rome in a day. 2. Does Ann cook dinner every day? 3. They will invite me to their party. 4. People speak English in different parts of the world. 5. He informed us of his departure.

Задание № 5

1. Is there anything in this magazine worth reading? 2. You look very tired, you should stop working so much and give up smoking. 3. Do you enjoy teaching at college? 4. Would you mind my closing the front door? 5. Why have you stopped? Go on reading.

Задание № 6.

1. You are not to drive faster, there is much traffic in this street. 2. You must not ask a lady her age, it isn't polite.

3. When Bob was achild he could play the piano wonderfully. 4. Mary will be allowed to have her test on Tuesday? 5. We were to meet at the railway station at 12 o'clock yesterday.

Задание № 7

1. Hello? This is Mike. Is Tony there? — Yes, but he can’t come to the phone right now. He (to eat) dinner.

2. When I saw Gemma she (to talk) to someone.

3. Excuse me. You (to wait) for the downtown bus? — Yes, I (to be).

4. While he (to sleep), his mother (to cook) in the kitchen.

5. At 5 o’clock on Sunday our engineers (to discuss) your plan.

Задание № 8

1. She (to have) lunch by the time we arrive.

2. When we came to the cinema the film (to begin) already.

3. He said he (to write) a letter to me.

4. This is a great shirt! I (wash) it at least a dozen times, and it still looks like new.

5. You ever (to be) in Canada? – Yes, I (to be) there twice.

Задание № 9.

1. Julia asked: “Where do you live?”
2. Michael said to John: “I have been working here for 2 years ”
3. We said to our friends: “Tomorrow morning there won’t be a lecture”
4. Mother told her child: “Clean your teeth every day!”
5. Robert asked: “Has the train gone?”

Задание № 10

London

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial center. It’s one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 9 million.

London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in the world.

Traditionally it’s divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. They are very different from each other and seem to belong to different towns and epochs.

The heart of London is the City, its financial and business center. Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Baily. Few people live here, but over a million people come to the City to work. There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Perhaps the most striking of them in St. Paul’s Cathedral, the greatest of British churches. St. Paul’s

Cathedral has always dominated the center of London. It stands on the site of former Saxon and Norman churches. They latter were destroyed in the Great Fire and the present building, completed in 1710, is the work of the eminent architect Sir Christopher Wren. It is an architectural masterpiece.

Londoners have a particular affection for St. Paul’s, which is the largest Protestant Church in England. Its high dome, containing the remarkable Whispering Gallery, is a prominent landmark towering above the multi-storeyed buildings which line the river-bank.

The Tower of London was one of the first and most impressive castles built after the Norman invasion of England in 1066. Since the times of William, I various kings have built and extended the Tower of London and used it for many purposes. The Tower has been used as a royal palace, an observatory, an arsenal, a state prison, and many famous and infamous people have been executed within its walls. It is now a museum.

Westminster Abbey is a national shrine where the kings and queens are crowned and famous people are buried. Founded by Edward the Confessor in 1050, the Abbey was a monastery for along time. Since William, I almost every English monarch has been crowned in this great church, which contains the tombs and memorials of many of Britain’s most eminent citizens: Newton, Darwin, Chaucer, Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling and etc. One of the greatest treasures of the Abbey is the oaken Coronation Chair made in 1300. The Abbey is also known for its Poet’s Corner. Graves and memorials to many English poets and writers are clustered round about.

Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen.

The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It is the symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs, and theatres are situated there. There are splendid houses and lovely gardens belonging to wealthy people.

The East End is the poorest district of London. There are a lot of factories, workshops and docks here. The streets are narrow, the buildings are unimpressive. The East End is densely populated by working class families.

Вариант 10

ЗАДАНИЯ к упражнениям:

1. Перепишите предложения, употребив артикль, где необходимо:

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Инфинитив». Инфинитив подчеркните.

3. Перепишите предложения, употребив нужную форму причастия, образовав ее от глагола,

данного в скобках. Предложения переведите.

4. Измените залог глагола в следующих предложениях, переведите их на русский язык.

5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему «Герундий». Герундий подчеркните.

6. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, повторив тему: «Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты». Подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты, определите их время.

7. Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Continuous. Предложения переведите

8. Перепишите предложения, употребив глагол в скобках в одном из времен Perfect. Предложения переведите

9. Перепишите предложения, изменив прямую речь косвенной.

10. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык.

Задание № 1

1. I went to __ France last year, but I haven't been to __ Netherlands yet. 2. I live in __ Tverskaya Street.

3.__ Thames flows through __ London. 4. __ United Kingdom includes __ Great Britain and __ Northern Ireland. 5. __ Scotland lies to __ North of __England. 6. It is very cold in winter in __ northern parts of __ Scotland. 7. __ Wales is united with __ England since 1536. 8. There are fifty states in __ USA.

Задание № 2

1. To talk to you was very nice. 2. We must remember to call her tonight. 3. To see means to believe, isn't it?

4. The problem is how to find their place. 5. His ideas are sometimes hard to understand.

Задание № 3

1. People are still in the process of repairing the many (to damage) buildings and streets. 2. I made my way through the (to crowd) room. 3. I bought some (to freeze) vegetables at the supermarket. 4. When I get home from work, I’m going to take a long, (to relax) bath. 5. When Brenda heard the news of the (to approach) hurricane, she bought flashlight batteries, candles, and canned food to prepare for it.

Задание № 4

1. Somebody locked the front door. 2. Someone lost the umbrella here. 3. They punished the boy for stealing a bike. 4. They finish their work at 5 o’clock. 5. They will translate this book next year.

Задание № 5

1. Avoid overeating and you’ll feel better soon. 2. I can’t help thinking about that accident.

3. Reading English literature in the original will do you a lot of good. 4. Suddenly it started raining hard.

5. There was no sense in waiting for them any longer.

Задание № 6.

1. Must we stay in town the whole summer? 2. I'm sorry, I couldn’t come at 6 o'clock yesterday.

3. My parents will have to get up very early tomorrow. 4. Nelly and Charles were to meet at 7 on Sunday.

5. You eat too much chocolate. You really should stop.

Задание № 7

1. While Harris and George (to pack) things, Jerome (to watch) them.

2. From 10 till 12 on Sunday Victor was busy. He (to repair) the TV set.

3. It rains a lot in this city, but it (not to rain) right now. The sun (shine). It (rain) in your hometown now?

4. I (to look) at the clock right now. I (to want) to know the time.

5. All day tomorrow I shall be out. I (to work) in the garden.

Задание № 8

1. Mother (to cook) dinner by 8 o’clock.
2. By the time you came father already (to come back) from work.

3. I’m tired. We (to walk) for more than 20 km already. Let’s stop and rest for a while.

4. I (to read) this chapter in my chemistry text three times, and I still don’t understand it!

5. Julia (to finish) all the housework by 3 o’clock and we’ll go for a walk.

Задание № 9.

1. Sheila answered: “Yesterday evening my cousin John came here at 5 ”

2. Jason added: “I think this work won’t take us long ”

3. Her brother asked: “What are you doing at the moment?”

4. Father said to his son: “Don’t ask me silly questions!”

5. Helen said to me: “Did you write that letter yourself?”

Задание № 10

The British Parliament

The British Parliament is the oldest in the world. It originated in the 12th century as Witenagemot, the body of wise councellers whom the King needed to consult pursuing his policy. The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons and the Queen as its head. The House of Commons plays the major role in law-making.

It consists of Members of Parliament (called MPs for short). Each of them represents an area in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. MPs are elected either at a general election or at a by-election following the death or retirement. Parliamentary elections are held every 5 years and it is the Prime Minister who decides on the exact day of the election. The minimum voting age is 18. And the voting is taken by secret ballot. The election campaign lasts about 3 weeks.

The British parliamentary system depends on political parties. The party which wins the majority of seats forms the government and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister. The Prime Minister chooses about 20 MPs from his party to become the cabinet of ministers. Each minister is responsible for a particular area in the government.

The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and "shadow cabinet". The leader of the opposition is a recognized post in the House of Commons. The parliament and the monarch have different roles in the government and they only meet together on symbolic occasions, such as coronation of a new monarch or the opening of the parliament.

In reality, the House of Commons is the one of three which has true power. The House of Commons is made up of 650 elected members, it is presided over by the speaker, a member acceptable to the whole house. MPs sit on two sides of the hall, one side for the governing party & the other for the opposition. The first 2 rows of seats are occupied by the leading members of both parties (called "front benches") The back benches belong to the rank-and-life MPs.

Each session of the House of Commons lasts for 160-175 days. Parliament has intervals during his work. MPs are paid for their parliamentary work and have to attend the sittings. As mention above, the House of Commons plays the major role in law making.

The House of Lords has more than 1000 members, although only about 250 take an active part in the work in the house. Members of this Upper House are not elected, they sit there because of their rank, the chairman of the House of Lords is the Lord Chancellor. And he sits on a special seat, called "Woolsack" The members of the House of Lords debate the bill after it has been passed by the House of Commons.

Some changes may be recommended and the agreement between the two houses is reached by negotiations.

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