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Basic vocabulary. The geographical position and political system
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The geographical position and political system
Of ukraine
Basic vocabulary
| relations | взаємини, стосунки |
| major | головний (більший) |
| tributary | притока |
| unify | об'єднувати |
| mouth | гирло (річки) |
| outlet | вихід |
| landscape | пейзаж, ландшафт |
| mixed | змішаний |
| fertile | родючий, плодовитий |
| black soil | чорнозем |
| heartland | важливий, центральний район |
| mineral deposits | поклади корисних копалин |
| range | пасмо (гір), гряда, хребет |
| iron | залізо, чорний метал |
| coal | (кам’яне) вугілля |
| ore | руда |
| wealth | багатство, процвітання |
Ukraine is situated in the central-eastern part of Europe. It has its own territory, government, national emblem, flag and anthem. The capital is Kyiv.
The population of Ukraine consists of Ukrainians (73.6%), Russians (21.1%), Jews (1.3%), Byelorussians (0.8%), Moldovians (0.6%), Poles and Bulgarians (0.5 % each) and other nationalities. There are 24 administrative regions and the Crimean Autonomic Republic of Ukraine.
Ukraine is a sovereign, independent, democratic, legal state. The powers of the government are divided into three branches – the legislative one, which consists of the Verkhovna Rada, the executive one, headed by the President, and the judicial one, which is led by theSupreme Court.
The Ukrainian political system has a publicly elected President and a 450-person single-chamber Parliament – the Verkhovna Rada, which members are elected by the general, equal and direct elections every four years.
The President of Ukraine appoints the Prime Minister with the consent of the Verkhovna Rada, he appoints members of the Cabinet of Ministers, heads of central bodies of executive power, as well as heads of the local state administrations. The President of Ukraine is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. He guarantees the state sovereignty, territorial indivisibility, the observance of the Constitution as well as human and civil rights and freedoms.
The highest body of the executive power is the Cabinet of Ministers. The main law in the country is the Constitution.
The geography of Ukraine varies greatly from one region of the country to another. The majority of the country's territory lies within the East European Plain. Ukraine is the second-largest country by area (more than 603,000 sq. km.) in Europe after the Russian Federation. Ukraine borders on Russia in the east, Belorussia in the north, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Moldova in the west. The Ukrainian landscape consists mostly of fertile plains (or steppes) and plateaus, crossed by rivers such as the Dnieper, the Seversky Donets, the Dniester and the Southern Buh as they flow south into the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. To the southwest, the delta of the Danube forms the border with Romania. Its various regions have diverse geographic features ranging from the highlands to the lowlands. The country's only mountains are the Carpathian Mountains in the west, of which the highest is the Hoverla at 2,061 metres, and the Crimean Mountains on the Crimean peninsula, in the extreme south along the coast. The Crimea is a favourite destination not only for the Ukrainian tourists, but also for the citizens of other states of the former Soviet Union, as well as Eastern and Western Europe. Northern and Western Ukraine are hilly, forested areas with many picturesque mountain resorts.
As Ukraine is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, it has important ports, such as Odesa, Mykolayiv, Kherson, Kerch. The nature of Ukraine is especially beautiful due to a number of rivers and lakes. There are 131 rivers in Ukraine. The Dnieper is the main river in Ukraine. It divides the country into two approximately equal parts, the so called the Right-bank and the Left-bank. All main rivers of Ukraine are navigable. The Dnieper River with its many tributaries is an important navigable waterway for the economy of Ukraine and is connected via the Dnieper-Bug Canal to other waterways in Europe. The mouth of the Danube River provides an outlet for the Ukrainian trade to the Balkans, Austria, and Germany. The rivers are used by passenger vessels as well. Inland cruises on the rivers Danube and Dnieper have been a growing market in recent decades.
Throughout its history, Ukraine has been one of the powerhouses of world agriculture due to its fertile conditions. The country, as of 2011, was the world's third-largest grain exporter and is one of ten most attractive agricultural land acquisition regions. Central and Southern Ukraine is primarily steppes with fertile black soils exceptionally well-suited for grain farming. In the east there is the industrial heartland known as the Greater Donbas, or Donetsk Basin containing large mineral deposits of coal, gas and different ores. The deposits of oil and gas are in the Ukrainian Carpathians. Different springs of mineral water are also wealth of Ukraine.
There are more than three hundred cities and towns in Ukraine. The biggest of them are Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dniepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Lviv. The capital of Ukraine, Kyiv, is an administrative, scientific, industrial, educational, and cultural centre.
The geographical position of Ukraine is favorable for maintaining close economic relations with many European countries.
Tasks and Exercises:
Ex.1. Insert the missing verbs in the correct form.
| have | contain | provide | wash | attract | unify |
a) Ukraine is ………… by the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea.
b) Donetsk Basin ………… large mineral deposits.
c) The Dnieper River with its many tributaries ………… central Ukraine economically
d) The mouth of the Danube River ………… an outlet for the Ukrainian trade to other countries.
e) Ukraine ………… rich deposits of iron and coal in the south.
f) The Crimea ………… a lot of tourists.
Ex.2. Complete the sentences with one of the following words.
| branches | area | destination | held |
| resources | variety | population | especially |
1. The ………… of Ukraine is 46 million people.
2. The Crimea is a favourite ………… for tourists.
3. Ukrainian Carpathians in the west and the Crimean Mountains in the south make up those 5% of mountain ………….
4. Nature of Ukraine is ………… beautiful due to a number of rivers and lakes.
5. The powers of the Ukrainian government are divided into three ………….
6. Parliament are elections ………… every four years.
7. The territory of Ukraine has a ………… of landscapes.
8. The wealth of Ukraine is its mineral ………….
Ex.3. Put in the correct preposition: of, on, in, without, for, with, between, by.
1.Ukraine is a country ………… Eastern Europe.
2. The President of Ukraine cannot appoint the Prime Minister ………… the consent of the Verkhovna Rada.
3. The Dnieper River connects the Baltic coast countries ………… the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.
4. Ukraine is washed …………the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov
5. The geographical position of Ukraine is favorable ………… international trade.
6. The Constitutional Court consists ………… 18 judges.
7. The Azov Sea is situated ………… Ukraine and Russia.
8. The Carpathian mountains are famous ………… their winter sports centres.
9. The Crimean Mountains are located ………… the Crimean peninsula.
10. Ukraine is surrounded ………… mountains to its west and extreme south.
Ex.4. Choose a, b, or c, in each question below. Only one choice is correct.
1. The territory of Ukraine is...
a) mostly mountainous.
b) mostly flat.
c) swampy.
2. Ukrainian grain farming is developed due to …
a) steppes
b) black soils
c) mineral deposits
3. The Prime Minister of Ukraine is appointed by...
a) the President
b) the Verkhovna Rada
c) the Cabinet of Ministers
4. Central and Southern Ukraine is primarily...
a) moors
b) steppes
c) mountains
5. The Dnieper River has a lot of...
a) attributes
b) tribunes
c) tributaries
6. The rivers of Ukraine are used for public...
a) control
b) conveyance
c) convincing
7. Ukrainian agricultural regions attract people who want to... them.
a) acquire
b) account
c) accept
8. Part of Ukraine's territory lies within the East European....
a) Plane
b) Plain
c) Plan
9. The President of Ukraine is the... of the Constitution.
a) founder
b) owner
c) guarantor
10. Ukraine is rich in mineral...
a) summers
b) winters
c) springs
Ex.5. Choose the right variant.
1. According to the text, Ukraine is............ for international trade.
| a) well-bred | b) well-situated | c) well-adjusted | d) well done |
2. The Constitution of Ukraine............ by the Verkhovna Rada on June 28, 1996.
| a) is adopted | b) was adopted | c) was taken | d) was accepted |
3. The industrial heartland of Ukraine............ as the Greater Donbas.
| a) is known | b) knows | c) are known | d) has known |
4. The Ministers............ the President of Ukraine.
| a) appointed by | b) is appointed by | c) are appointed by | d) are appointed to |
5. Ukraine became an independent state after the............of the Soviet Union.
| a) break | b) breakup | c) break-off | d) brake |
6. The Dnieper-Bug Canal............. Ukraine to other waterways in Europe.
| a) connects | b) connect | c) connecting | d) is connected |
7. The agriculture sector............the great role in Ukrainian economy.
| a) is played | b) has played | c) has been plating | d) was playing |
8. Ukraine is............ 24 oblasts.
| a) composed in | b) composed of | c) composed with | d) composed by |
Ex.6. Find a word or phrase in the text which is similar in meaning to:
| auspicious | symbol | authority | various | boundary | prosperity |
Ex.7. Match the opposites.
| development favorable important divide picturesque mountainous different rich fertile main | connect poor harmful similar subsidiary flat insignificant hideous decline barren |
Ex.8. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Україна має свій особистий національний прапор та гімн.
2. Президент України є головнокомандуючим Збройних Сил України.
3. Україна межує з Румунією на заході.
4. Усі ріки України судноплавні.
5. В Україні багато мінеральних джерел.
6. Ґрунти нашої країни добре підходять для вирощування зерна.
7. Президент України гарантує дотримання Конституції і прав громадян.
8. Кабінет Міністрів є найвищим органом виконавчої влади.
9. Туристам пропонуються річні круїзи Дніпром та Дунаєм.
10. Україна відома своїми родючими землями.
Ex.9. Complete the sentences using comparative/superlative forms.
1. Ukraine is large… than Poland.
2. The high... peak of the Carpathian Mountains is Hoverla.
3.The population of Lviv is small… than that of Dniepropetrovsk.
4. Ukraine has close… relations with Russia and Poland, than with other countries.
5. Ukraine is one of the larg… refiners of metallurgical products in Eastern Europe.
6. Kiev is far… from the sea than Odessa.
7. The larg… nuclear power plant in Europe, the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, is located in Ukraine.
8. The Black Sea coastline is the … popular tourist destination in Ukraine.
9. The first high… education institution in the Eastern Slavic territories was established in the town of Ostrog.
10. Lviv University is one the old… universities of Ukraine.
Ex.10. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?
1. Ukraine is rich in iron.
2. Parliamentary elections take place every four years.
3. The main function of the Verkhovna Rada is making laws.
4. The President of Ukraine appoints the Prime Minister with the consent of the Cabinet of Ministers.
5. The Danube River is not navigable.
6. Ukraine doesn’t border on Georgia.
7. Kharkiv is a big city.
8. The Crimea is an island.
9. The delta of the Danube forms the border with Poland.
10. Ukraine is one of the largest grain exporters.
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