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ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИЯ

Составитель Бойко Анна Ивановна

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201. What is the object of Lexicology?

a) word-stock;

b) phonemes;

c) methods of investigating lexical units.

202. What is Historical Lexicology?

a) it studies the correlation between the vocabularies of two languages;

b) it studies the evolution of the vocabulary as time goes by;

c) it studies vocabulary at a certain time of its development.

203. The diachronic approach to language studies investigates.

a) the vocabulary as it exists at the present time;

b) the development of the vocabulary in the course of time;

c) the vocabulary as it existed in the past.

204. Lexicography is....

a) the science of word;

b) the science of dictionary-compiling;

c) the science of lexicological research.

205. The internal structure of the word is....

a) its morphological structure;

b) its semantic structure;

c) its sound-form.

206. Semantics studies.

a) meaning;

b) sound-form;

c) morphemes.

207. A morpheme is....

a) the smallest phonetic unit;

b) the smallest grammatical unit;

c) the smallest meaningful language unit.

208. A morpheme is a two-facet language unit because.

a) any morpheme consists of two letters;

b) it is an association of a certain meaning and a certain form;

c) it is an association of a morphological structure and a certain sound form.

209. Allomorphs are....

a) morpheme variants;

b) differences in the pronunciation of a morpheme;

c) differences in the morphological structure of a morpheme.

210. A lexeme is....

a) all the grammatical meanings of a morpheme;

b) all the lexical meanings inherent in a morpheme;

c) all the morphological variants of a morpheme.

211. The most important approaches to defining a word meaning are....

a) conceptual, referential and functional;

b) conceptual, morphological and referential;

c) ideational and conceptual.

212. The term Lexicology comes from....

a) Latin;

b) French;

c) Greek.

213. The system formed by the sum total of all the words of a language is....

a) vocabulary;

b) lexical units;

c) set-expressions.

214. Modern English Lexicology is....

a) Special;

b) Diachronic;

c) Synchronic.

125. The system showing the word in all its forms is called....

a) sentence;

b) paradigm;

c) semantic structure.

216. Lexicology of a particular language is....

a) Restricted;

b) Historical;

c) Special.

217. A word is....

a) a speech unit used for the purposes of human communication, materially representing a group of sounds, possessing a meaning, susceptible to grammatical employment and characterized by formal and semantic unity;

b) a speech unit used for the purposes of human communication, materially representing a group of sounds, possessing a meaning, susceptible to grammatical employment;

c) a speech unit materially representing a group of sounds, possessing a meaning, susceptible to grammatical employment and characterized by formal and semantic unity.

218. The conceptual (notional) content of a word is expressed by....

a) the denotational component in the semantic structure of a word;

b) the connotational component in the semantic structure of a word;

c) the emotional component in the semantic structure of a word.

219. Designation is....

a) the process of comparing the lexical meanings of a word;

b) the process of naming different objects and phenomena;

c) the process of analyzing the morphological structure of a word.

220. Discursive designation is naming through....

a) a word;

b) a sentence;

c) a text.

221. Primary designation means that....

a) we use one and the same word for naming different objects;

b) we use language forms in their first purpose;

c) a word has only one meaning (it is monosemantic).

222. Denotative component of meaning is....

a) the emotive charge and stylistic reference;

b) the leading component in the semantic structure of a word;

c) the grammatical component of a word.

223. Types of meaning are....

a) lexical, grammatical, functional;

b) lexical, grammatical, morphological;

c) pragmatic, grammatical, morphological.

224. Metonymy is....

a) the semantic process of associating two referents one of which is closely connected with another or makes a part of it;

b) the semantic process of associating two referents one of which in some way resembles the other;

c) the semantic process of differentiation primary and secondary meanings of a word.

225. Extension of word’s meaning is....

a) the process when the word with a new meaning comes to be used in the specialized vocabulary of some limited group;

b) the application of the word to a wider variety of referents;

c) the acquisition by the word of some derogatory emotive charge.

226. Ameliorative development of the connotational meaning means.

a) the improvement of the connotational meaning;

b) the acquisition by the word of some derogatory emotive charge;

c) that this meaning is no longer used in modern English.

227. Phraseological units are....

a) motivated word-groups;

b) word-groups that can be freely made up in speech;

c) word-groups with a partially or completely transferred meaning.

228. According to the semantic principle phraseological units are classified into....

a) nominative, nominative-communicative, interjectional, communicative;

b) combinations, unities, fusions;

c) verbal, substantive, adjectival, adverbial, interjectional.

229. According to the structural principle phraseological units are classified into....

a) nominative, nominative-communicative, interjectional, communicative;

b) combinations, unities, fusions;

c) verbal, substantive, adjectival, adverbial, interjectional.

230. The branch of Linguistics that studies meaning is called.

a) Phraseology;

b) Semasiology.

c) Lexicology;

231. Which theory studies word-meaning in speech.

a) conceptual;

b) referential;

c) functional.

232. What meaning is revealed through analyzing the words writes, makes, has....

a) grammatical;

b) part-of-speech;

c) lexical.

233. The main cause of polysemy is....

a) a great number of monosyllabic words;

b) homonymy;

c) words of long duration.

234. What pair shows metaphoric relationship.

a) material - object of it;

b) whole – part;

c) animal - person.

235. Another term for pejoration is....

a) elevation;

b) degradation;

c) extention.

236. Word-groups in which it is impossible to guess the meaning from the meaning of their components are….

a) completely motivated;

b) partially motivated;

c) non-motivated.

237. The branch if linguistics that studies non-motivated ready-made units is called.

a) Etymology;

b) Phraseology;

c) Lexicography.

238. Impossibility to semantically split a phraseological unit is called.

a) idiomaticity;

b) stability;

c) functional inseparability.

239. Proverbs and sayings make up... phraseological units.

a) nominative;

b) nominative-communicative;

c) communicative.

240. Encyclopedic dictionaries are….

a) word-books;

b) grammar books;

c) thing-books.

241. According to the nature of the word-list dictionaries are divided into....

a) monolingual, bilingual;

b) explanatory, specialized;

c) general, restricted.

242. Explanatory dictionaries contain.

a) lexical units from a certain part of the word-stock;

b) lexical units in ordinary use with that or this proportion of items from various spheres of life;

c) a wide range of data, especially with regard to the semantic aspect of the vocabulary items entered.

243. There are some ways of arrangement of meanings in the dictionary.

a) alphabetical, cluster;

b) historical, empirical, logical;

c) alphabetical, logical, historical.

244. Meanings of words may be defined in a dictionary by means of....

a) encyclopedic definitions, descriptive definitions, synonymous words and cross-references;

b) historical definitions, empirical definitions, logical definitions;

c) encyclopedic definitions, empirical definitions and synonymous words.

245. Borrowing is....

a) the process of assimilation words from other languages in the English language;

b) a word or an expression formed from the material available in the language after the patterns characteristic of the given language without the influence of some foreign words and expressions;

c) the process of adopting words from other languages.

246. The source of borrowing is....

a) the language from which this or that particular word was taken into English;

b) the language to which the word can be traced to;

c) the language from which this or that affix of the word was borrowed.

247. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin have great derivational potential because….

a) they are used with highly productive affixes;

b) they are root-words;

c) they are highly polysemantic.

248. The greatest number of borrowings came into English from....

a) Latin;

b) French;

c) Old Norse (Scandinavian).

249. According to the borrowed aspect there are the following groups of borrowings.

a) Latin, German, French, Russian borrowings;

b) phonetic borrowings, translation loans, semantic borrowings, morphemic borrowings;

c) spelling borrowings, semantic borrowings, grammatical borrowings.

250. There are some criteria for determining whether the word belongs to the borrowed element.

a) pronunciation, lexical meaning, the paradigm;

b) the concept denoted by the word, phonetic and prosodic features, spelling;

c) pronunciation, lexical meaning, grammatical forms, spelling.

251. What element is not included into the English word-stock.

a) English proper;

b) Norman;

c) Indo-European.

252. A change in a semantic structure of a borrowed word is called.

a) phonetic assimilation;

b) lexical assimilation;

c) grammatical assimilation.

253. What factors determine the degree of assimilation.

a) time of borrowing, way of borrowing, frequency of usage;

b) place of borrowing, time of borrowing, way of borrowing;

c) frequency of usage, place of borrowing, time of borrowing.

254. Dictionaries in which the information about the items is given in another language are called.

a) monolingual;

b) bilingual or polylingual;

c) explanatory.

255. A person for whom a dictionary is designed is called.

a) a prospective user;

b) a lexicographer;

c) a dictionary compiler.

256. Dictionaries which contain lexical units from a certain part of the word-stock are called.

a) restricted;

b) specialized;

c) general.

257. Arrangement of meanings with the most common meaning is called.

a) logical order;

b) historical order;

c) actual order.

258. Such problem as choice of adequate equivalents is essential only for....

a) diachronic dictionaries;

b) monolingual dictionaries;

c) translation dictionaries.

259. What is generally not a part of a dictionary.

a) contents;

b) an introduction;

c) a guide.

260. Traditionally Learner's Dictionaries are compiled for....

a) English students;

b) foreign students;

c) general public..

261. Homophones are words which coincide in....

a) sound-form;

b) spelling;

c) sound-form and spelling.

262. Synonyms are words.

a) similar in the denotational meaning;

b) similar in the connotational meaning;

c) different in the denotational meaning.

263. Ideographic synonyms are words.

a) conveying the same notion but differing in shades of meaning;

b) differing in stylistic characteristics;

c) coinciding in all their shades of meaning and in all their stylistic characteristics.

264. Euphemisms are....

a) antonyms;

b) homonyms;

c) synonyms.

265. Antonyms are words different in....

a) denotational meaning;

b) connotational meaning;

c) part-of-speech meaning.

266. Semantic fields contain words.

a) of different parts of speech;

b) of the same part of speech;

c) words similar in their semantic structure.

267. According to the semantic principle homonyms are classified into....

a) perfect homonyms, homophones, homographs;

b) partial and full homonyms;

c) lexical, grammatical and lexico-grammatical.

268. Sources of homonyms are....

a) phonetic change, borrowing, word-building (conversion, shortening) and split Polysemy;

b) phonetic change, conversion, shortening and sound-imitation;

c) borrowing, conversion and shortening.

269. The major types of paradigmatic relations of lexical units are....

a) syntagmatic, semantic, lexical;

b) compatibility, incompatibility, inclusion;

c) hyponymy, meronymy, serial relations.

270. Groups of words based on several types of semantic relations are....

a) conceptual fields, lexical semantic groups;

b) synonyms;

c) antonyms.

271. Paradigmatic relations of compatibility consist of....

a) antonymy, synonymy;

b) hyponymy, meronymy, serial relations;

c) conceptual fields, lexical semantic groups.

272. Hyponymy means the relation of....

a) exlusion;

b) inclusion;

c) division.

273. Another term for the classifier is....

a) meronym;

b) hyperonym;

c) hyponym.

274. The words lie ‘to be in a horizontal or resting position’ and lie ‘to make an untrue statement’ are... homonyms.

a) lexical;

b) grammatical;

c) lexico-grammatical.

275. Words denoting notions which are mutually opposed but gradable are….

a) contraries;

b) contradictories;

c) incompatibles.

276. When two or more homonyms can originate from different meanings of the same word when, for some reason, the semantic structure of the word breaks into several parts, this type of formation of homonyms is called.

a) borrowing;

b) split of Polysemy;

c) word-building.

277. The semantic structure of the word is analyzed in its linear relationships with neighboring words in connected speech.

a) on the semantic level;

b) on the syntagmatic level;

c) on the paradigmatic level.

278. Words which are identical in sound and spelling, or, at least in one of these aspects, but different in their meaning.

a) homonyms;

b) homophones;

c) homographs.

279. The criteria used to differentiate cases of homonymy and polysemy are….

a) etymological, semantic and spelling;

b) etymological, semantic, distribution and spelling;

c) etymological and semantic.

280. A semi-free morpheme is....

a) one that coincides with the stem or a word-form;

b) one which occurs only as a constituent part of a word;

c) one which can function in a morphemic sequence both as an affix and as a free morpheme.

281. Compound-affixed words consist of....

a) one root morpheme and an inflexion;

b) two or more root-morphemes and an inflexion;

c) two or more root-morphemes, one or more affixes and an inflexion.

282. The types of morphemic segmentability of words are....

a) complete, conditional, defective;

b) complete, partial and semi-partial;

c) non-derived and derived.

283. What part of speech uses prefixation more often than other parts of speech?

a) verbs;

b) nouns;

c) adjectives.

284. Conversion is....

a) the formation of a new word through the change in its paradigm;

b) cases of phonetic identity of words;

c) the formation of nouns from verbs.

285. Sound-interchange is the way of word-building when a new word is formed through.

a) a change of its grammatical forms;

b) a change of some sounds;

c) the imitation of different sounds.

286. Back-formation is a way of word-building when a new word is formed by….

a) dropping the final morpheme;

b) dropping the initial sounds;

c) joining two or more stems.

287. Compounds formed by joining together two stems without any joining morpheme are....

a) neutral;

b) morphological;

c) syntactical.

288. What is the most effective way of enriching the vocabulary?

a) word-formation;

b) word-creation;

c) affixation.

289. What are the most widely used means of word-formation?

a) sound-interchange, prefixation, conversion;

b) word-composition, affixation, conversion;

c) conversion, suffixation, back-formation.

290. There are the following types of shortening.

a) clippings, lexicalization, ellipsis, substantivization;

b) blendings, ellipsis, acronyms, semantic extension;

c) ellipsis, acronyms, blendings, clippings.

291. What morphemes have more individual meaning.

a) affixes;

b) prefixes;

c) roots.

292. Morphemes that have individual lexical meaning and can function separately are called.

a) free;

b) bound;

c) semi-free.

293. The main function of prefixes is....

a) to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech;

b) to transfer words to different parts of speech;

c) to change grammatical meanings of words.

294. Final components of the word incapable of further division are called.

a) non-segmentable;

b) ultimate constituents;

c) immediate constituents.

295. Blending is....

a) a word formed out of initial letters of a group of words;

b) a word in which two or more stems are combined;

c) a word derived by combination of parts of two or more words.

296. The words ‘contain’, ‘retain’, ‘detain’ demonstrate the case of … segmentability.

a) complete;

b) conditional;

c) defective.

297. Words which consist of a root and an affix are called.

a) root words;

b) affixed words;

c) compound words.

298. The way of word-formation within which new words are formed by repetition of roots or syllables in immediate succession is called.

a) sound interchange;

b) clipping;

c) reduplication.

299. A regular meaningful arrangement of IC, which can be expressed by a formula denoting their part of speech, lexical-semantic class and individual semantics, is referred as....

a) a derivational base;

b) a derivational affix;

c) a derivational pattern.

300. A type of the linguistic analysis which reveals the number of meaningful constituents in a word and their usual sequence is called....

a) the morphological analysis;

b) the derivational analysis;

c) the distributional analysis.

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