Contextual markers

specific contextual markers (semantic units that surround the polysemous words - the polyseme) help to disambiguate polysemy (снимать много знатность)

a sharp knife > refers to cutting quality of the instruments edge

a sharp drop > refers to the speed of shape

polysemy is disambiguated through grammatical and /or lexical contextual markers:

the girl run when she saw us coming > run is used intransitevly (grammar) + has girl (animate) as subject (lexical semantic)

he has no idea now to run a business > run is used transitevly with a direct object (grammar) + has business (process that can be manager) as direct object (lexical semantic)

БИЛЕТ № 19

1. What does affixation consist in?

Affixation – is a linear type of word-formation, consists in adding derivational non-root m. to the stem.

• Inflections (infl.m. – only grammar meaning)
• Affixes (derive.m)

Meaning of non-root m.:

Girl – girl/s – not w.-formation

Girls – girl/ish - w.-formation

· Gramm meaning – inflections express regular gram categories (a number, tense, comparative degree of the adj.)

Ex: worker/s – work/ed- long/er

· Lexico-gramm meaning – affixes express the part-of-speech relation.

Ex: ston/ly – ston – hungr/y

(-y indicates that the adj are derived from a nominate stem)

· Lexical meaning – affixes express certain semantics.

Ex: storm – storm/y – sand/y (-y express the meaning characterized by noun)

Formal diff.:

· We can build on the basis of the stem words of various lvls of derivation, but, as soon as we add an inflexion – the derivational potential becomes exhausted.

Ex: useful – usefulness, cf. use/s (the boundaries of the word are set)

· The co-occurrence of inflations with stems is not limited (as related to words of a particular gram.class), whereas the productivity affixes is limited.

Ex: hand/s, girl/s

Cf. hand/y, girl/ish

Unlimited combinations

Suffixation – derive. m. that follows the root and changes the lexical meaning of the word and – very often – its part-of-speech relation.

· Lexico-gramm meaning

Ex: to play – play/er

(-er being a lex-gr. marker of a noun derived from a verbal stem)

· Lexical meaning

Ex: to play – play/er

(-er being a lex-gr. marker of an active agent/instrument)

Prefixation - derive. m. that precedes the root and cnahges – ONLY – the lexical meaning of the word.

· Lexical meaning

Ex: to count – to re/count

(-re being a lex. marker of a repeated action)

Искл!! Sometimes the prefix can change the words part-of-speech relation (in borrowed words) – to cover with bronze

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