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ABSTRACT SAMPLES

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HOW TO WRITE AN ABSTRACT

WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT?

An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or discipline, and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.

 

MAIN QUESTIONS YOU HAVE TO ANSWER WHILE WRITING YOUR ABSTRACT

What is this article about?

· Why do we care about the problem?

· Why is this research important?

· Why should someone read the whole article?

What is the primary issue the article deals with?

· What problem is the author trying to solve? What is the scope of his work?

· What problem is the article trying to better understand or solve?

What is the result?

· What are the implications of the result?

· Are the results general, potentially generalizable, or specific to a particular case?

 

STEPS FOR WRITING EFFECTIVE REPORT ABSTRACTS

To write an effective report abstract, follow these four steps.

Before you start

  1. Reread the report / article with the purpose of abstracting in mind. Look specifically for these main parts: purpose, methods, results, conclusions.

While you are writing

  1. After you have finished rereading the report / article, write a rough draft without looking back at the article. Consider the main parts of the abstract listed in step 1. Do not merely copy key sentences. Do not summarize information in a new way.

3. Use transitional words and phrases to provide logical connections between material included. Each sentence in the abstract leads smoothly into the next.

4. Substitute for "I": Most abstracts make the paper/report/study/article the focus of the abstract and the grammatical subject of sentences in the abstract.

5. Use passive voice which helps to focus on the paper's mission.

6. Use of Literary Present Tense: Abstracts use the present tense because we assume texts speak to the present even if their authors are dead and/or wrote the words in the past.

When you have finished

7. Revise your rough draft to:

v correct weaknesses in organization and coherence;

v drop superfluous information;

v add important information originally left out;

v correct errors in grammar and mechanics;

v carefully proofread your final copy.

 

Abstracts for text-based research projects, or research paper abstracts, usually include:

1. Title of the paper.

2. Brief discussion of context or background.

3. Study's objectives – what is the question under discussion?

4. Brief summary of major results and their significance.

5. Conclusion.


 

ABSTRACT SAMPLES

Introduction Abstracts begin with a one-sentence summary of the main point of the article and often introduce the problem the paper explores. It contains the following information: ü title of the paper (article) / name of the author ü topic of the paper (article) – the key research question written in one sentence.
The article     is entitled _____. is published in _____. under the title _____ is/was published in _____. entitled “(title)” published in _____ deals with the issue of _____.
The author   of the article is _____. addresses the issue of _____.
The article deals with (considers / gives description of) _____. outlines / gives a review of_____. highlights _____.
Main body The essential point of the article is presented. The aim is to: ü establish the context, background and/or importance of the topic ü define the topic or key terms ü state the purpose of the article ü identify methodology of research
The author   presents _____. comments (on) _____. focuses (on) _____. analyses _____. discusses _____. shows _____. provides _____. illustrates _____. recommends _____. describes ______. points out_____. explains _____. emphasizes _____. suggests a new approach to the solution of the problem of _____.
The article     describes _____. examines _____. gives a description of _____. considers / outlines _____.
The key issue / general idea of the article A wide range of issues is _____.  
Special attention is given to   the description of _____. the classification of _____. a new approach to _____. the solution of _____.
The aim of this study / article is to determine/examine _____. to provide a conceptual theoretical framework based on_____.  
The central thesis of this paper/article is (that) _____.  
The main issues addressed in this article are: a) …, b)… and c)……  
Conclusion A conclusion is a final comment or judgment.
A (general) conclusion   is made as to (concerning) _____.  
It is concluded that _____.
The article The author is intended for _____. comes to the conclusion that _____. states that / summarises the main points _____. draws the conclusion that _____.

 


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