The Nominal System

The OE Period.

OE Grammar (Morphology).

The Nominal System

I. OE and its grammatical structure. Form-building means

II. The OE Noun

III. The OE Pronoun

3.1. Personal Pronouns

3.2. Demonstrative Pronouns

IV. The OE Adjective

4.1. Weak and Strong Declension

4.2. Degrees of Comparison

V. The OE Numeral

1. Morphological Structure of Nouns

1. Inherently semantic
2. M.Y. Blokh
3. OE wīf (neuter, wife)

wīfman (masc, woman)

lond (neuter, land)

1. ModGerm sonne (fem., sun)

weib (neuter, wife)

1. Nom Sg fisc – Nom Pl fiscas (-a-stem, m)

Nom Sg nama – Nom Pl naman (-n-stem, m)

1. Cases in OE

· Nominative

· Genitive

· Dative

· Accusative

1. Vocalic stems: /-a-/-o-/-i-/-u-/

1. Declension types = stems

1. Declension Types in OE

· -a-stems, -ja-, -wa- – masc., neuter nouns

· -ō-stems, -jō-, -wō- – fem. nouns

· -i-stems – all the three genders

· -u-stems – masc., fem. nouns

· -n-stems – all the three genders

· -r-stems – masc., fem. nouns

· -s-stems – neuter nouns

· root-stems – masc., fem. Nouns

1. -a-stem, -ō-stem (with -ja-, -wa-, -jō-, -wō- subtypes):

1. -a-, -ō-stems (and also -ja-, -wa-,

-jō-, -wō-, -i- and -u-stems)

1. a) short-stemmed nouns

OE scip (n, -a-, ship)

bearu (m, -wa-, “лес”)

1. b) long-stemmed nouns

OE dēōr (n, -a-, deer)

word (n, -a-)

hond (m, -u-)

hilt (n, -i-, “рукоятка”)

1. -ja-, -wa-, -jō-, -wō- variants
2. -j-/-i- and -w-
3. -j-/-i- caused i-umlaut:

Gth har j is (army) à OE h e re (m, -ja-)

1. -wa- and -wō-stems:

1. -n-stem (= weak declension)
2. OE nama (m, name)

tunʒe (f, tongue)

ēāʒe (n, eye)

21. {-e} in Nom Sg

22. The ending { -an}

23. Gen case Pl – { -ena}

24. The Weak Declension:

1. {-um} in Dat Pl

1. Root-stems

Dat Sg (PG) *fōt i (i-mutation) à *fēti (the element {i} was dropped) à fēt

Nom, Acc Pl *fōt i z à *fētiz à fēt

1. Root-stems

1. Minor Types

· -s-stem (IE *-es/*-os-stems)

Lat genus – Gen generis (род)

Rus небо – небеса

1. cealf, æʒ – egg

1. OE /s/ à /r/ (= rhotacism)

Nom cild / cild r u

Gen cilda / cild r a

Dat cildum

Acc cild / cild r u

· -þ- stem (the reflection of the IE dental suffix *-et (*ot)

IE *mēnōt à Gth mēnō þs, OE mōna þ (m, month)

· -nd-stem (Ivanova et al *-nt-). By origin – substantivised Participles I, denoting the doer of the action

OE frēōnd (m), hetend (m, enemy)

31. -um for the Dat case Pl

32. zero or -u, -e for Nom Sg of the vocalic types

33. -es, -e, -a for Gen Sg

34. -e, -a for Dat Sg, etc

35. { -s }

36. { -um} and { -an }

37. OE Personal Pronouns

Nom hē (m) hēo/hīo (f) hit (it)

Gen his hiere/hire his

Dat him hiere/hire him

Acc hine hīē hit

OE wīfman (Noun, m) – hēō (Prn, f)

OE mæʒden (Nom, n) – hēō (Prn, f)

1. Dual Number (двойственное):

OE wit (1^st pers.) – the two of us/we both

OE ʒit (2^nd pers.) – the two of you/you both (мы оба, вы оба)

1. Suppletivity, 1^st person:

1. Suppletivity b/n the forms of the Sg and Pl numbers:

41. *ki/ko

42. /k/ à /h/

43. hē (m) – hēo/hīo (f) – hit (it)

44. Demonstrative Prn-s

Set I

· Nom Sg: sē (m) – sēo (f) – þ æt (n), Nom Pl: þā (= that)

Set II

· Nom Sg: þes (m) – þ ēos (f) – þ is (n), Nom Pl: þās (= this)

1. The Instrumental Case:

OE lӯtle werede (with [the help of] a small troop)

1. the Definite (weak) declension:

sē ʒōd a mann (the good man)

1. the Indefinite (strong) declension

ʒōd mann (a good man)

1. Definiteness/indefiniteness
2. -a-stems
3. -ō-stems
4. Dat/Acc Sg masc., Dat Sg neut., Gen/Dat Sg fem., Gen/Dat Pl m, f, n
5. the pronominal declension
6. OE þū lēōfa drihten (n, m, -a-)

= thou dear Lord

1. Gen Pl { -ena} à { -ra}
2. eall, maniʒ, ōþer (all, many, other)
3. ilca
4. OE heard – heard ra – heard ost

(hard)

earm – earm ra – earm ost (poor)

blæc – blæc ra – blac ost

(black)

1. Gth alþiza à OE ield ra (*eald i ra à OE ieldra à ModE elder)

OE lonʒ – lenʒ ra – lenʒ est

1. *iza/oza à {-ra}
2. *ist/ost à {-est/-ost}
3. OE ʒōd – betera (bettra) – betst

(betest)

lytel – lǣssa – lǣst

yfel – wiersa (wyrsa) – wierrest (wierst, wyrst)

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