The dialectic unity

The phoneme is objective real, because it is realized in speech in the material form in speech in the material form of speech sounds, its allophones. On the other hand it’s an abstract language unit. That is why we can look upon the phoneme as a dialectical unity of the material and abstract aspects. Thus we may state that it exists in the material form of speech sounds, its allophones. Speech sounds are necessarily allophones of one of the phonemes of the language concerned. All the allophones of the same phoneme have some articulatory features in common, that is all of them possess the same invariant. That is why while teaching pronunciation we cannot ask pupils to pronounce this or that phoneme only one of its allophone.

Material aspect of phoneme. It exists in our speech in the form of speech sounds (we can

Hear them they can be recordered) even if we know that speech is produced by brain and movements of organs of speech here articulatory phonetics hels us.

) Abstaract. Aspect.Ferdinand de Saussure viewed phonemes as the sum of acoustic impressions and articulatory movements. He also viewed phonemes as disembodied units of the language formed by the differences separating the acoustic image of one sound from the rest of the units. Language in his opinion contains nothing but differences. This approach is called abstractional/ abstract.

Function aspect of the phoneme. Phoneme has 3 functions 1. constitutive (phonemes exist in their material form speech sounds constitute morphemes words sentences all of each are meaningful)2. distinctive (it distinguishes one word from another even whole sentences) 3. recognitive (it manifescts in the process of identificacionnative speakers can identify combination of phonemes as meaningful units.)

1. Give general characteristic of english consonants.

The principles of classification of English consonants

Consonants Согласные

In phonetics, the noun "consonant" means: 1. a consonant sound; 2. a letter representing a consonant sound in writing. Consonants are speech sounds produced by creating an obstruction in the mouth for the air flow from the lungs. There are 20 consonant letters in the English alphabet. They represent 24 consonant sounds. Many of the consonants occur in voiced - voiceless pairs: plosives / stops [b] - [p], [d] - [t], [g] - [k]; fricatives [v] - [f], [z] - [s], [th] - [th], [zh] - [sh] and unpaired voiceless [h]; affricates [j] - [ch]. The rest of the consonants are sonorants: [l], [r]; nasals [m], [n], [ng]; semivowels [w], [y].

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