Typical features:

According to I.R. Galperin there 5 of them

1. Publicistic

2. The belles letters

3. The Newspaper

4. The Scientific Prose

5. The Style of Official Documents

Publicistic style

P.S became noticeable as a separate style in the middle of the 18^thcentuty.

The general aims- to perform a constant and deep influence on public opinion; to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one; to cause him (her) to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, essay or journalistic article not merely with logical argumentation but through emotional appeal as well. The brain-washing function. This function is most effective in oratory, for here the most powerful instrument of persuasion is human voice.

Peculiarities of the P.S:

Syntactical features:

1) coherent and logical syntactic structure,

2) expanded system of connectives (hence, inasmuch, therefore)

3) careful paragraphing

4) brevity of expression

5) simple rather than complex sentences

6) abundant use of modifiers(adj, adv.)

7) imagery and stylistic devices are used but usually are not fresh and genuine for the audience to comprehend the message implied with less effort

Lexical features:

1) emphasis on accessibility and easy understanding

2) only established and generally understood terms (e.g Cold War)

3) evaluating agj. (e.g strongest pleasure)

4) euphemisms (e.g «defense»- war)

5) traditional, unoriginal metaphors and similes

6) newspaper clichés

7) use of emotionally coloured words

8) numerals, abbreviations, symbols

Subdivisions

P.S falls into some varieties, each having its own distinction feature.

1) The language of oratory speeches. Speeches on political and social

problems; radio and TV commentaries; political speeches; speeches in courts of law; orations on solemn public occasions(weddings, funerals)

Typical features:

1) direct address to the audience (Your Worship, Mr. Chairman; you,with your permission, Mind!) or in less formal situation: Dear Friends!)

2) special obligatory forms to open and end an oration (Ladies and Gentlemen; In the name of God do your duty)

3) words expressing speaker's personal opinion (I'm no idealist, to believe firmly in, I'm confident that)

4) contractions are acceptable

5) frequent rhetorical questions-to promote closer contact with the audience

6) wide use of repetition (lexical, synonymic, syntactical) to focus on the main points

7) calling upon the audience (Let us then...)

8) the use of such pronouns as WE, YOU

2) The language of essays. (Moral, philosophical, literary)

Typical features:

1) brevity of expression

2) Personal approach to the subject

3) a rather expanded use of connectives - to facilitate the process of grasping the correlation of ideas

4) the abundant use of emotive words

5) the use of similes and sustained metaphors - to emphasize the ideas

6) use of the first person singular to justify personal approach to the problem treated

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