Administration of Justice in Great Britain

1. Persons offending against the law are summoned before a court of law. The summons issued by the court states the charges moved against the offender by the persons sueing him. When a defendant is brought before a court the charge is read out to him and he is asked whether he pleads guilty or not guilty. If he pleads guilty he is sentenced by the court. If he pleads not guilty, a jury of 12 persons must be formed and summoned to attend the court.

2. The trial begins with opening the case for the prosecuting party and hearing the evidence of the witnesses for the prosecution. On the completion of the plaintiff's case and evidence, the defendant's case is stated and evidence is heard in support of it.

3. The accused is entitled to be defended by the counsel. Witnesses for the prosecution may be cross-examined by the accused or his counsel. The accused may call witnesses or give evidence in his own defence. At the conclusion of the evidence, and after speeches on both sides, the judge sums up the case to the jury. The jury consider the verdict. If they decide that the accused is not guilty, he is immediately discharged. If the jury return the verdict of guilty, sentence is pronounced by the judge.

4. The following punishments for crime can be inflicted: life imprisonment, imprisonment consisting in corrective training or preventive detention; detention centres¹ for juvenile delinquents², persons between 16 and 21, convicted of offences punishable with imprisonment; fine, a money penalty, generally imposed for minor offences; probation³ - placing the offender under the supervision of a probation officer⁴ and so on.

5. The defendant may appeal against the sentence to the Court of Appeal up to the House of Lords, which is the supreme judicial body of Great Britain.

Notes:

¹ detention centre — центр заключения

² juvenile delinquent — несовершеннолетний правонарушитель

³ probation — испытание

⁴ probation officer — инспектор, наблюдающий за преступником, направленным на работу

1. What does the summons state?

2. When is a defendant sentenced by the court?

3. Whom is the accused defended by?

4. For what offences is a fine imposed?

5. What is the supreme judicial body in Great Britain?

II. Письменно переведите 3-й и 4-й абзацы текста.

III. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в нужной видо-временной форме.

1. We (to have) a lecture on criminology next Monday. 2. A number of important documents (to sign) already. 3. The accused (to guarantee) the right to defence. 4. When the felon (to commit) the crime he knew it was unlawful. 5. When all the evidence (to give) counsels for both sides made speeches.

IV. Из 2-го абзаца текста выпишите предложения, содержащие слова с суффиксом -ing. Определите, какой частью речи они являются.

V. Подчеркните в следующих предложениях инфинитив и определите его форму и функцию.

1. Witnesses for the prosecution may be cross-examined. 2. The House of Lords has no power to throw out a bill relating to money. 3. The defendant preferred to make a statement through his solicitor. 4. The object of punishment is to reform and educate the guilty person. 5. The judge must have discharged one of the jurors. 6. He went to Oxford to study law.

VI. Переведите предложения, содержащие конструкции с неличными формами глагола.

1. A bill being signed by the Queen, it becomes an act of Parliament. 2. For the International Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion on any legal questions it must have a request from the General Assembly or the Security Council. 3. We expect him to conduct the defence. 4. They heard the plaintiff give evidence. 5. The arrest of the criminal is reported to have been affected. 6. Any state machine is known to reflect the interests of the ruling class.

VII. Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную форму глагола в придаточных условных предложениях.

1. If a barrister (to agree) he will take this case. 2. If you (to be) absolutely sincere with your solicitor he would help you. 3. This man would not have been imprisoned if he; (not to violate) the law.

VIII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции и значение слов it и one.

1. It is not easy to cross-examine all witnesses in a short period of time. 2. Law cannot be separated from the judges who interpret and administer it. 3. It is the Cabinet and not Parliament that controls and runs the nation's affairs in England. 4. Business contacts as well as cultural ones contribute to mutual understanding and trust among peoples. 5. One must observe the law.

IX. Определите тип подчинения. В бессоюзных придаточных предложениях отметьте, где может находиться опущенный союз.

1. The basic law of the USA is the Constitution which was adopted in 1789. 2. I hope they received the sentence they deserved. 3. Counsel for the defence tried to show that the accused was not guilty.

TEST II

I. Прочтите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы, следующие за ним.

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