Medical education in the USA

Eduard Jenner

1749-1832

1. Eduard Jenner was an English physician, the discover of vaccination.

2. He was born at Berkeley,Gloucestershiro.

3. Jenner studied medicine in London, at St. George`s Hospital, and had practice in Berkeley, when he was 24 years old.

4. Hesled to the discavery of vaccination against smallpox.

5. Today smallpox is practically unknown in civilized countries, but in the 18^th century the whole world feared smallpox.

6. On may 14, 1796 Eduard Jenner accomplished one of the most important tasks in the History of medicine.

7. He vaccinated a boy with smallpox/

8. Several weeks later the boy became absolutelly healtly.

9. In 1798 he published an account calling his new method “vaccination” from the latin world “vacca” meaning “ a cow”.

10. Very soon theve was no part of the world that does not take up vaccination.

11. Eduard Jenner died at Berkelly in 1823 aged 74.

SMOKING

1. Nicotine is a poison.

2. Taken in large amounts, nicotine can kill by paralyzing breathing muscles.

3. Cigarette smoke contains tar which is made up of over 4000 chemicals.

4. Some of this substances cause heart and respiratory diseases.

5. Wherever smoke touches living cells, it does harm.

6. Cigarette smoking causes about 87% of lung cancer deaths.

7. Besides lung cancer, smoking is also a major cause of cancer of the mouth, larynx and esophagus.

8. Smuking increases the risk of cancer of the bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach.

9. Pregnant woman who smoke endanger the health and lives of the unborn babies.

10. Women who smoke during pregnancy risk having a miscarriage, stillbirth or premature baby.

FLU

1. Influenza epidemics spread quickly through large populations because flu viruses are highly contagious.

2. During flu*s acute phase, respiratory tract secretions are rich with infections virus.

3. Disease is transmitted easily by sneezing and coughing.

4. The symptoms - such as chills and fever, headache accompanied by sensitivity to light, sore muscles, backache, weakness and others.

5. Some times there may be bronchitis and pneumonia.

6. With no complications symptoms usually subside two or three days, fever ends.

7. Weakness and fatigue may persist for several weeks.

8. To defend people from influenza the most important tool is immunization by a killed virus vaccine.

AIDS

1. Aids stand for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.

2. It is the last stage of infection with a recently discovered virus called the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV.

3. Most people are infected with HIV, but they do not have AIDS.

4. If someone does not show outward symptoms of having AIDS or being infected with HIV they can unknowingly pass HIV on to their partners.

5. HIV can be spread through sexual intercourse.

6. The virus is also spread by infected blood or skin-piercing instruments.

7. Also, on HIV-infected mother can transmit the virus to her infant.

8. HIV can cause serious damage to the immune system.

9. As a result, certain cancers may appear and ordinarily harmless infections may be reactivated causing serious illness.

10. AIDS is a fatal disease, although there are treatments that can prolong life.

11. So far, there is no cure nor is there any preventive vaccine known to the medical world.

Medical education in Russia.

1. Any citizen of Russia who has a complete secondary education may apply to a medical university.

2. Applicants have to pass examinations.

3. Ail the applicants are required to take entrance competitive examinations in biology, chemistry and Russian language.

4. Applicants who have finished school with gold or silver medal have to take only one examination.

5. The instruction at higher school is given by lectures, by group instruction and practical work.

6. Academic year begins on September 1^st and is divided into 2 terms of four month each.

7. At the end of each term the students have to pass a number of examinations.

8. During the first two years students study physics, chemistry, anatomy, microbiology, Latin and foreign language.

9. Beginning with the third year special clinical subjects are introduced.

10. Senior students have a lot of practical work with patient in clinics,

11. In our country specialization begins in the sixth year, which is the final year of medical school and termed sub-intern ship.

12. At the end of the sixth sub-internship student pass the final state examinations and receive their diplomas.

Medical education in the USA

1. After finishing secondary studies the candidate for medical school must complete at least three years of higher education in a college or university.

2. In most medical school candidates are required to pass the admission test.

3. The test lasts about eight hours over one day period and includes qualities in biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics and English.

4. The basic medical sciences are presented largely during the first two years of medical studies.

5. In the first year a students study anatomy, biophysics, bacteriology, histology and others.

6. In the second year they study microbiology, pathology, physical diagnosis, pharmacolodgy and laboratory diagnosis.

7. During the final two years the curriculum consists of clinical subject.

8. Medical students have practical work at teaching hospitals affiliated to the medical school.

9. At the end of four years all students receive the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.

10. Then they must work for one year as interns.

11. This course of work at the hospital clinic called the intern-ship.

Поиск по сайту: