HYBRID CARS

Hybrid electric vehicle is a type of hybrid vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine with an electric system. The aim of the electric powertrain is to achieve better fuel economy or better performance. There are many HEV types. Modern HEVs use improved technology which converts the vehicle’s kinetic energy into electric energy. Some HEVs use their internal combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an electrical generator.

Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the internal combustion engine at idle and restarting it when needed.

A hybrid-electric vehicle produces less emission than a pure-gasoline burning vehicle. Hybrid electric vehicle can be classified according to the way in which power is supplied to the drivetrain.

In parallel hybrids, the ICE and the electric motor are both connected to the mechanical transmission and can transmit power to drive the wheels.

In series hybrids only the electric motor drives the drivetrain, and the ICE works as a generator to power the electric motor. Power-split hybrids have the benefits of a combination of series and parallel types.

Hybrids can be classified by degree of hybridization. Full hybrid is a vehicle that runs only on just the engine, only on the batteries or combination of both. Mild hybrid is a vehicle that cannot be driven solely on its electric motor, because the electric motor does not have enough power to propel the vehicle on its own.

Vocabulary:

hybrid electric vehicle ['haIbrId I'lektrIk 'v°Ikl] – гибридный электромобиль

powertrain ['pauqtreIn] – передача, трансмиссия

convert [kqn'v´t] v.– превращать

generate ['GenqreIt] v.– производить

emission [I'mISn] n.– выделение

drivetrain ['draIvtreIn] n.– привод на ведущие колеса

propel [prq'pel] v. – двигать вперед

Answer the following questions:

1. What does hybrid electric vehicle combine?

2. What is the aim of the electric vehicle?

3. What does modern HEV use?

4. What is a hybrid-electric vehicle special for?

5. How can HEVs be classified?

НТТС (II семестр)

CRANES

A crane is a machine which can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is one of the oldest types of construction equipment and one of the most useful on the building site. The first cranes were invented by ancient Greeks and were powered by men or animals. Modern cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric motors and hydraulic systems to provide much greater capacity.

The main characteristic of a crane is its lifting capacity which varies with the boom reach and depends on the crane stability. Typical crane mechanisms are the following: hoisting mechanism, travelling mechanism, slewing mechanism and luffing mechanism.

Different types of cranes are available now, for example tower cranes, gantry cranes, overhead cranes, self-propelled mobile cranes mounted on wheels or crawlers. Each type is adapted to a specific use. Sizes range from the smallest jib cranes used inside the workshops to the tallest tower cranes used for constructing high buildings.

Modern cranes are used for many purposes. Most of them are convertible. Versatility is added to the crane by different attachments and devices. They are attached to the end of the hoist line to handle materials. The examples of such devices are buckets for loose bulk material and concrete, hooks and grapples for lumber, pipes and drums.

Using cranes we concentrate building operations on a single site, increase the speed of construction and save building costs.

Vocabulary:

crane [kreIn] n. – кран

machine [mq'SJn] n. – машина

equipment [I'kwIpmqnt] n. – оборудование

site [sQIt] n. – участок

ancient ['eInSqnt] a. – древний

power ['pQuq] v.– приводить в действие

internal combustion engine [In't´nl kqm'bAsCqn 'enGIn] – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

hydraulic [hQI'dr²lIk] a. – гидравлический

capacity [kq'pxsItI] n.– мощность, производительность

reach [r°C] n.– радиус действия

hoist [hOIst] v. – поднимать

slew [sl³] v. – поворачивать

luff [lAf] v.– перемещать по горизонтали, изменять вылет стрелы

gantry ['gxntrI] a.– портальный,эстакадный, козловой

overhead ['ouvqhed] n.– мостовой кран

crawler ['kr²lq] n. – гусеница

range [reInG] v.– колебаться в пределах

jib [GIb] n.– стрела грузоподъемного крана

purpose ['pWpqs] n. – цель

convertible [kqn'vWtqbl] a. – преобразуемый

versatility ["vWsq'tIlItI] n. – универсальность

attachment [q'txCmqnt] n. – приспособление

handle ['hxndl] n. – транспортировать

bucket ['bAkIt] n. – ковш

hook [huk] n. – крюк

grapple ['grxpl] n. – захват

Answer the following questions:

1. What are cranes used for?

2. Where were the first cranes invented?

3. How are modern cranes usually powered?

4. What are the main characteristics of a crane?

5. What crane mechanisms do you know?

6. What types of cranes are there?

7. What are different attachments and devices used for?

8. What attachments are there?

9. Why are cranes one of the most important construction equipment?

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