Digital measuring devices

Digital measuring devices is a measuring device in which the value of the measured physical quantity is automatically represented by a number on a digital display orby a code, that is, a set of discrete signals.

Digital measuring devices can be divided into digital measuring instruments and digital measuring transducers. Digital measuringinstruments are self-contained devices that automatically present the value of the measured quantity on a digital display. Digital measuringtransducers lack a digital display; the measurement results are converted into a digital code for subsequent transmission and processing inmeasuring systems. The most common types of digital measuring devices are those used to measure electrical quantities, such as current, voltage, and frequency. These devices may be used to measure nonelectrical quantities—such as pressure, temperature, speed, and force—if the nonelectrical quantity is first converted into an electrical quantity.

The operation of digital measuring devices is based on the digitization (that is, quantization with respect to level) and coding of the value ofthe measured physical quantity. The coded signal is fed either to a digital display or to a data transmission and processing system. In adigital display the coded measurement result is converted into a number expressed by numerals, usually in the decimal number system.The most widely used digital displays give two to nine digits. Digital measuring instruments may use electric, cathode-ray, gas-discharge, or liquid-crystal displays. lectric displays may make use of banks of numbered lamps, projection and mosaic systems, multielementlamps, or electroluminiscent cells. Cathode-ray and gas-discharge displays include devices employing multifilament indicating tubes,dekatrons, trochotrons, and numerical indicator tubes. Gas-discharge displays are most widely used because of their simple design, highreliability, and low cost.

The design of digital measuring devices, their accuracy, and their area of application depend on the principle underlying the coding of themeasured quantity. The three most commonly used basic principles of analog-to-digital conversion in digital measuring devices are directconversion, counting, and successive approximation.

In direct conversion, the “memory” of the digital measuring device’s coder contains the set of codes that the device can produce. The valueof the measured quantity determines which code is used. This principle is generally employed in devices that measure mechanicaldisplacements.

For example, devices that measure the rotation angle of a shaft typically make use of an encoding disk or drum that is fastened to theshaft. The value of the measured angle is taken from the encoding disk or drum by a reader, which feeds the value, in the form of a codedsignal, to the display.

In counter type devices the quantity being measured is compared with another quantity of the same kind; the second quantity, is obtainedthrough the addition of equal increments. When the two compared quantities become equal, the number of increments is taken as thevalue of the measured quantity. The measurement error can thus be as great as the value of a single increment.

Such digital measuring devices are used primarily for measuring time intervals, frequency, or other physical quantities (which are firstconverted into a time interval). Figure 1 provides a schematic diagram of this type of device. The time interval being measured T _x isbounded by the moments at which the two electric pulses “start” and “stop” occur. These pulses control a pulse generator, which producesa gate pulse of duration T _x; the gate pulse is fed to one of the inputs of a coincidence circuit. The other input is connected to a clock pulsegenerator, which produces pulses at a high repetition frequency f ₀. The number of pulses n _y counted by the counter at the output of thecoincidence circuit is equal to f ₀ T _x. If n _y / f ₀ ≪ T _x, the number n _y can be taken as the value of the measured interval. The counter ofthe clock pulses generates the code corresponding to the numerical value of the interval T _x.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a digital measuring device used tomeasure time intervals: (GG) gate pulse generator, (CC)coincidence circuit, (CPG) clock pulse generator, (PC) pulsecounter, (D) display, (T _x) time interval being measured, (f ₀)repetition frequency of clock pulses, (n _y) number of pulses in timeinterval T _x

In digital measuring devices based on successive approximation, as in counter-type devices, the quantity being measured is comparedwith another quantity of the same kind. In this case, however, the second quantity is obtained by summing increments of unequalmagnitude; a given device always makes use of the same set of increments. The sum of the increments of the reference quantity is takenas the numerical value of the measured quantity. The measurement error consequently is not greater than the magnitude of the smallestincrement used. The successive-approximation principle is analogous to the method used to weigh an unknown object on a balance: thesum of the known weights balancing the object is taken as the object’s weight. Successive-approximation digital measuring devices areused for electrical quantities, such as voltage, current, and resistance, and for some nonelectrical quantities, which are first converted intoelectrical quantities.

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of a digital DCvoltmeter: (C) comparator, (RVG) referencevoltage generator, (PMU) programmed memoryunit, (D) display, (U _x) voltage being measured, (U _r) reference voltage

Figure 2 presents a schematic diagram of a digital DC voltmeter. The voltage being measured U x is fed into one of the inputs of thecomparator. The reference voltage U r is applied to the other input from a program-controlled reference voltage generator. The comparatorgenerates one of the two mutually exclusive signals U r > U x and U r ≤ U x. If the signal U r ≤ U x is received, the control memory unitcauses the reference voltage generator to increment U r. If the signal U r > U x is received, the control memory unit causes the referencevoltage generator to replace the last of the memory increments by a smaller increment. This process is repeated until the increase in U rbecomes equal to the smallest increment possible with the given pulse generator. The control memory unit then generates the codecorresponding to the sum of all the increments, and the code is transmitted to the display.

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