PRIMITIVE MEDICINE

1. Unwritten history is not easy to interpret, and, although much may be learned from a study of the drawings, bony remains, and surgical tools of the early man, it is difficult to reconstruct his mental attitude toward the problems of disease and death. It seems probable that humans, as soon as they had reached the stage of reasoning, discovered, by the process of trial and error, which plants might be used as foods, which of them were poisonous, and which of them had some medicinal value.

2. However, the man did not at first regard death and disease as natural phenomena. Common maladies, such as colds, were accepted as part of existence, but serious and disabling diseases were placed in a very different category and were considered to be of supernatural origin.

3. One curious method of providing the disease with means of escape from the body was by making a hole, 2.5 to 5 centimeters across, in the skull of the victim - the practice of trepanning. Trepanned skulls of prehistoric date have been found in Britain, France and other parts of Europe and in Peru. The practice still exists among primitive people in parts of Algeria, in Melanesia, and perhaps elsewhere, though it is fast becoming extinct.

4. Magic and religion played a large part in the medicine of the prehistoric or primitive man. Administration of a vegetable drug or remedy by mouth was accompanied by incantations, dancing, grimaces, and all the tricks of the magician. Therefore, the first doctors, or "medicine men" were witch doctors. The use of charms and talismans, still prevalent in modern times, is of ancient origin. Apart from the treatment of wounds and broken bones, primitive physicians showed their wisdom by treating the whole person, soul as well as body. Treatments and medicines that produced no physical effects on the body could nevertheless make a patient feel better when both the medicine man and the patient believed in their efficacy. This so-called placebo effect is applicable even in modern clinical medicine.

Определите, являются ли утверждения:

1. PRIMITIVE PHYSICIANS WERE VERY WISE AS THEY TREATED BOTH THE PERSON'S SOUL AND HIS BODY.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) истинным

3) ложным

2. HUMANS DISCOVERED WHICH PLANTS HAD SOME MEDICINAL VALUE BY THE PROCESS OF TRIAL AND ERROR.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

3. AT FIRST THE MAN REGARDED SERIOUS AND DISABLING DISEASES AS NATURAL PHENOMENA.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

4. DOMESTIC MEDICINE, CONSISTING LARGELY IN THE USE OF HERBS, STILL PERSISTS.

1) ложным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) истинным

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

5. A HOLE MADE IN THE SKULL OF THE VICTIM WAS BELIEVED TO BE THE MEANS OF ESCAPE FOR A DISEASE FROM THE BODY.

1)

2)

3)

4)

6. PRIMITIVE MEN KNEW WHICH PLANTS THEY COULD USE AS FOOD.

1)

2)

3)

4)

7. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:

WHAT WAS THE MEDICINE OF THE PREHISTORIC MAN LARGELY INFLUENCED BY?

1) It was influenced by disabling diseases.

2) It was influenced by magic and religion.

3) It was influenced by natural phenomena.

4) It was influenced by patients.

8. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА

1) Modern medical practice originates from primitive medicine
and folklore.

2) The practice of trepanning is fast becoming extinct.

3) It is very difficult to interpret ancient history.

4) The first doctors, or "medicine men" were witch doctors.

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