The vowel sound /3:/

I. Listen to the sound / 3: / on its own. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this long vowel sound.

The tongue is in the middle part of the mouth cavity. It is almost flat and slightly raised. The tip of the tongue is near the lower teeth, the jaw is slightly lowered. The lips are neutral.

II. Listen and repeat.

Shirt, hurts, burn, bird, berg, girl.

III. Read these examples of the sound / 3:/.

IV .Read the contrasted sounds. Transcribe the words.

/ 3: / / i: / /3:/ /o:/

term – team burn - born

her – heat turn - torn

firm – feet her - horn

shirt – sheet worse – forth

V. Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / 3: /.

a) The girl heard the nurse work.

b) It’s the worst journal in the world.

c) I affirm if you learn all words, you become an interpreting expert and earn a lot.

d) Can you confirm early morning’s murder?

e) We were heard talking about journeys and excursions.

VI. Listen to the dialogue (Sound Right 16.2). Intone it. Learn and reproduce it, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sound / 3: /.

16.2

- Sh! There's a burglar behind the curtain!

- Are you certain, Bertha?

- Don’t disturb him! He might hurt us – or worse, he might even murder us!

- But are you perfectly certain it’s a burglar?

- Perfectly. Only a burglar would hide behind a curtain in that way.

- Oh, Bertha – do you remember Percy Turner?

- Sh! Gertrude! We’re not the girls we were thirty years ago, you know.

VII. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel / 3: / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letters “ e, i, u, y ” followed by “ r ” / third syllable –type / (term, bird, fur)

2. “ ear ” + a consonant (earth, heard) BUT: heart, hearth / a: /

3. “ wor ” (work, word)

4. “ our ” (journal, journey)

5.

VIII. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

1) Murder will out.

2) It’s an early bird that catches the first worm.

3) First come, first served.

4) Live and learn.

5) As is the workman, so is the work.

The vowel sound /ә /.

I. Listen to the sound / ә /. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this short vowel sound.

In pronouncing the English / ә / the position of the tongue and lips resembles that of / 3: /, but the tongue is lower. The lips are neutral.

II. Listen and repeat.

A photograph of Barbara, a glass of water, a pair of binoculars, a photograph of her mother and father, a book about South America.

III. Read these examples of the sound / ә /.

Weak A: a way b a nan a wom a n sug ar about a rom a coll ar

Weak E: gard e n pap er und er bigg er work er ag e ntpat e nt

Weak O: p o lice doct or c o rrect t o day kingd o m seld o m iv o ry

Weak U: s u pport fig ure Aug u stchor u s ketch u p treas ure

Other: “re” lit re met re theat re fib re; “ou” col our lab our neighb our

IV. Read this story aloud. The spelling has been changed to show you when to make the sound / ә /.

Barb ә r ә spent Sat ә rday aft ә noon looking ә t ә beautiful book ә bout South ә meric ә.

“I want t ә go t ә South ә meric ә,” she said t ә h ә self.

Th ә next morning, when Barb ә r ә woke up it w ә s six ә ’clock, ә nd h ә broth ә s and sist ә s w ә still ә sleep. Barb ә r ә looked ә t th ә m, and closed h ә r eyes ә gain.

Then she qui ә tly got out ә f bed ә nd started t ә pack h ә suitcase.

She took s ә me comf ә t ә ble clothes out ә f th ә cupb ә d. She packed ә pair ә f binocul ә s ә nd h ә sist ә ’s cam ә r ә. She packed ә phot ә graph ә f h ә self ә nd one ә f h ә moth ә r and fath ә.

“I mustn’t f ә get t ә have s ә me breakf ә st,” she said t ә h ә self. B ә t then she looked ә t th ә clock. It w ә s ә quart ә t ә seven.

“I’ll j ә st drink ә glass ә f wat ә,” she said.

“ ә glass ә f wat ә,” she said.

“Wat ә,” she said ә nd opened h ә r eyes.

She w ә s still in h ә bed, ә nd h ә broth ә s ә nd sist ә s w ә laughing ә t h ә.

“Tell ә s what you w ә dreaming ә bout,” they said t ә h ә.

B ә t Barb ә r ә didn’t answ ә. She w ә s thinking ә bout h ә wond ә ful journey t ә South ә meric ә.

V. Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / ә /.

a) I ate an apple and a banana in a cinema in Canada.

b) Papa bought me a balloon at the circus.

c) Anna has another parasol.

d) She gave me some chocolate when I went away.

e) The pilot jumped from the balloon in a parachute.

f) A buffalo, a zebra and a gorilla escaped from the circus.

g) The famous attorney submitted an appeal.

h) He fell asleep on the sofa.

VI. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel / ә / is represented in spelling by:

1) The letter “ a ” in prefixes (about)

2) In suffixes “ er, or, ar, our, ous ” (teacher, doctor, cellar, neighbour, famous)

3) “ a, o, u ” when non-accented (sofa, atom, column)

The /υ/-gliding diphthongs /aυ / and /әυ/.

Sound / aυ /

I. Listen to the sound / aυ / on its own. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this vowel sound.

The English diphthong / aυ / begins as the front open / a / and proceeds in the direction of the English /υ/. The lips are neutral.

II. Listen and repeat.

Cow, bow, brow, grouse, ouch.

III. Read these examples of the sound / aυ /.

IV. Listen to the sounds / a :/ and / aυ / in contrast and repeat.

Car – cow, bar – bow, bra – brow, grass – grouse, arch – ouch.

V. Read the words below and compare the sound /aυ/ with the words on each side. Transcribe the words.

VI. Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / aυ /.

f) Mrs. Brown counted cows coming down the mountains.

g) Our brown cow has been found.

h) I have plowed the ground around the house.

i) She shouted loudly when she found a mouse among the flowers.

j) The owl came down from the mountain.

k) The Boy Scout bowed to the crowd.

l) Count me out for about an hour.

m) He scowled at the crowd that was shouting around town.

n) Somehow I doubt if it’s a brown trout.

o) The mouth is usually rounded in shouting.

p) The sound was found to be a compound of vowels.

VII. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel / aυ / is represented in spelling by:

The diagraphs “ ou ”, “ ow ” (out, town)

Rare Spellings: drought, bough, plough

VIII. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

1) A sound mind in a sound body.

2) Every cloud has a silver lining.

3) Actions speak louder than words.

4) To come out dry.

5) When angry, count a hundred.

IX. Learn the following tongue twister:

Sounding by sound is a sound method of sounding sounds.

Sound / әυ /.

I. Listen to the sound / әυ / on its own. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this vowel sound.

The English diphthong / әυ / begins as /ә/ and immediately proceeds in the direction of the English /υ/. It should be mentioned that the tongue only approaches the /υ/ –position so that the end of the glide is not a distinct /υ /. The lips start from a slight rounding and rather a large opening. At the end of the articulation the lips are considerably rounded, forming a rather oval opening.

II. Listen and repeat.

Bone, phone, boat, woke, float.

III. Read these examples of the sound / әυ /.

IV. Listen to the sounds / 3: / and / әυ / in contrast and repeat.

Burn – bone, fern – phone, Bert – boat, work – woke, flirt – float.

V. Listen to the sounds /ɔː/ and / әυ / in contrast and repeat.

Caught – coat, nought – note, bought – boat, jaw – Joe, ball – bowl.

VI. Read the words below and compare the sound / әυ / with the words on each side. Transcribe the words.

VII. Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sound / әυ /

1. Rose knows Joe phones Sophie, but Sophie and Joe don’t know Rose knows.

2. You need a stone and some rope to keep a boat from floating.

3. The wind is blowing and it’s cold and snowy.

4. All know that you are slow.

VIII. Listen to the dialogue (Sound Right 30.2). Intone it. Learn and reproduce it, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sounds / әυ / and / aυ /.

30.2

- What was the row about?

- He took me out in his boat. It’s a motor-boat, but it broke down.

- So he rowed you home?

- No, his doctor won’t allow him to row. He’s had a broken shoulder, you know.

- So, I rowed and we had a row.

- Well, if he’s had a broken shoulder, how could he row?

- Oh, I don’t mind rowing.

- Well then?

- But he told me I was slow.

IX. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel / әυ / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letter “ o ” in open syllables (go, home)

2. “ o ” followed by “ ll, ld, st ” (roll, old, most)

3. “ o ” in word-final unstressed syllables (hero)

4. The diagraph “ ow ” (low, tomorrow)

5. The diagraph “ oa ” (boat)

Irregular Readings: now, how, cow, row (галас), brow, bow - /au/

Rare Spellings: shoulder, poultry, soul, owe, brooch, mould

X. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

1) As you sow, so shall mow.

2) True love never grows old.

3) When in Rome do as the Romans do.

XI. Learn the following tongue twister:

Don’t go home alone,

Nobody knows how lonely the road is.

The /ı/-gliding diphthongs /eı/, /aı/ and / ɔɪ /.

Sound /eı/

I. Listen to the sound / eı / on its own. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this vowel sound.

The English diphthong / eı / begins as /e/, a short non-labialized front half-open vowel and immediately proceeds in the direction of the English /ı/. The lips are spread for the nucleus and move to a more close position during the glide.

II. Listen and repeat.

Pain, shade, tail, wait, taste, paper.

III. Read these examples of the sound / eı /.

IV. Listen to the sounds /e / and / eı / in contrast and repeat.

Pen – pain, shed – shade, tell – tail, wet – wait, test – taste, pepper – paper.

V. Read the words below and compare the sound /eı/ with the words on each side. Transcribe the words.

VI. Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / eı /.

q) The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plane.

r) Stay and play with the baby.

s) James paid for the apron.

t) May baked a cake yesterday.

u) He sailed eighty miles away from the bay.

v) The rain made me late.

w) I won’t stay unless we can make him pay.

x) The favorite went lame before the race.

y) A grape becomes a raisin in its old age.

z) A player laid his ace face down on the table.

aa) He gained his greatest fame in Asia.

VII. Listen to the dialogue (Sound Right 8.1). Intone it. Learn and reproduce it, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sound / eı /.

8.1

- Oh, may I stay, Mummy? Please, say I can stay all day.

- Yes. If they say you may.

- They’ve got lots of places to play and they’ve…

- Wait, Jane.

- I’ll take my painting book, and some of my games…

- Wait – till they say you may!

VIII. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel / eı / is represented in spelling by:

1) The letter “ a ” in open syllables (take)

2) The diagraphs “ ai ”, “ ay ”, “ ea ” (main, may, break)

3) “ ei ”, “ ey ” (veil, grey)

4) “ ei”+g(h) (eight)

5) “ a ” followed by “ng(e), st(e)” (change, haste)

Irregular Readings: key /ki:/, height /haıt/

IX. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

1) Make hay, while the sun shines.

2) Make haste slowly.

3) Haste makes waste.

4) No gains without some pains.

X. Learn the following tongue twister:

On a lazy laser raiser lies a laser ray eraser.

Sound /aı/.

XII. Listen to the sound / aı / on its own. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this vowel sound.

The English diphthong / aı / begins as / a/, a short lax non-labialized front retracted open / a / and immediately proceeds in the direction of the English / ı/. The lips are neutral. The distance between the jaws is wider at the beginning of the articulation and rather narrow at the end.

XIII. Listen and repeat.

Buy, sty, dine, like, kite, height.

XIV. Read these examples of the sound / aı /.

XV. Listen to the sounds / α: / and / aı / in contrast and repeat.

Bar – buy, star – sty, darn – dine, lark – like, cart – kite, heart – height.

XVI. Read the words below and compare the sound / aı / with the words on each side. Transcribe the words.

XVII. Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / aı /.

1) Nile crocodiles have the widest smiles.

2) Isn’t it fine to fly a kite?

3) What kind of ice cream shall I buy?

4) Why do you hide?

5) I like my five pet mice.

6) Be kind to the crying child.

7) Irish eyes are smiling.

8) Blind Island is a mile wide.

9) My guide will buy us the right kind of line.

10) He tried to find some high-priced ivory.

11) If I were wise I’d change the tire tonight.

XVIII. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel / aı / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letters “ i ” and “ y ” in stressed open syllables. (tie, my)

2. The diagraph “ igh ” + “t ” (light), “ ign ” (sign)

3. “ i” + “ld, nd ” (kind, child)

4. “ uy ” (buy)

Rare Spellings: either, neither, height.

Irregular Readings: wind /w ı nd/, city, pity.

XIX. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

1) Out of sight out of mind.

2) Neither here, nor there.

3) Great minds think alike.

XX. Learn the following tongue twister and read the text as fast as you can:

1. Little Mike left his bike like Tike at Spike's.

2. You've no need to light a night-light

On a light night like tonight,

For a night-light's light's a slight light,

And tonight's a night that's light.

When a night's light, like tonight's light,

It is really not quite right

To light night-lights with their slight lights

On a light night like tonight.

Sound / ɔɪ /

I. Listen to the sound / ɔɪ / on its own. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this vowel sound.

The English diphthong ɔɪ / begins as a short lax labialised back open / ɔ /and immediately proceeds in the direction of / ı /. The lips are slightly rounded and not at all protruded.

II. Listen and repeat.

Oil, boil, coin, toy, joy.

III. Read these examples of the sound / ɔɪ /.

IV. Listen to the sounds / ɔː / and / ɔɪ / in contrast and repeat.

All – oil, ball – boil, corn – coin, tore – toy, jaw – joy.

V. Read the words below and compare the sound / ɔɪ / with the words on each side. Transcribe the words.

VI. Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / ɔɪ /.

a) Roy enjoys noisy toys.

b) The boy bought some oil.

c) Tom joined his noisy friends.

d) Roy likes oysters.

e) The boy was glad to hear his mother’s voice.

f) He gave the boys money to buy toys.

g) Floy enjoyed the voile dress.

h) Mr. Boiler is employed at Detroit.

i) The point of the foil is poisoned.

j) He voiced his annoyance at the noise in the Savoy.

k) The Royal adroitly avoided the destroyer.

VII. Listen to the dialogue (Sound Right 23.1). Intone it. Learn and reproduce it, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sound / ɔɪ / and / aı /.

23.1

- What shall I buy for Simon?

- You spoil that boy.

- But he’ll cry if I don’t buy him a toy.

- Let him cry. He’s got plenty of toys. Why not buy him an ice-cream?

- Last time he said he didn’t like ice-cream.

- Well, I enjoy it.

VIII. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel / ɔɪ / is represented in spelling by:

The diagraphs “ oi ”, “ oy ” (oil, toy)

Irregular Readings: tortoise

IX. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs. Learn them.

1.The voice of one man is the voice of no one.

2. Loyal is as loyal does.

X. Learn the following tongue twister:

What noise annoys an oyster most?

A noise annoys an oyster, but a noisy noise annoys an oyster most!

ə-gliding diphthongs

/ ɪə /

is represented in spelling by:

1. the letter combinations “ ere ” -here, severe

“ ear ” - hear, dear

“ eer ” -cheer, deer.

2. the letter combination “ ier ” - pier, cashier.

3. the letter “ e ” followed by “ r ” + vowel - era, hero, period, serious.

Rare spellings: theory, museum, theatre, idea, beard, real.