SUMMARY. In this unit we explored nonverbal communication – communication without words – and considered such areas as body movements

In this unit we explored nonverbal communication – communication without words – and considered such areas as body movements, facial and eye movements, spatial and territorial communication, artifactual communication, touch communication, paralanguage, silence, and time communication.

1. Nonverbal messages may be integrated with verbal messages to accent or emphasize a part of a verbal message; to complement or add nuances of meaning not communicated by your verbal message; to contradict verbal messages with nonverbal movements – or example, by crossing your fingers or winking to indicate that you're lying; to regulate, control, or show your wish to control the flow of verbal messages; to repeat or restate the verbal message nonverbally; and to substitute for or take the place of verbal messages.

2. Nonverbal researchers have concentrated on the ways in which nonverbal messages serve important relationship functions: forming and managing impressions, forming and defining relationships, structuring conversation and social interaction, influencing others, and expressing emotions.

3. The five categories of body movements are emblems (nonverbal behaviors that directly translate words or phrases), illustrators (nonverbal behaviors that accompany and literally "illustrate" verbal messages), affect displays (nonverbal movements that communicate emotional meaning), regulators (nonverbal movements that coordinate, monitor, maintain or control the speaking of another individual), and adaptors (nonverbal behaviors that are emitted without conscious awareness and that usually serve some kind of need, as in scratching an itch).

4. Facial movements may communicate a variety of emotions. The most frequently studied are happiness, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, and contempt. Facial management techniques enable you to control the extent to which you reveal the emotions you feel.

5. The facial feedback hypothesis claims that facial display of an emotion can lead to physiological and psychological changes.

6. Eye contact may seek feedback, signal others to speak, indicate the nature of a relationship, or compensate for increased physical distance. Eye avoidance may help you avoid prying or may signal a lack of interest.

7. Pupil enlargement shows a person's level of interest and positive emotional arousal.

8. Proxemics is the study of the communicative functions of space and spatial relationships. Four major proxemic distances are (1) intimate distance, ranging from actual touching to 18 inches; (2) personal distance, ranging from 18 inches to 4 feet; (3) social distance, ranging from 4 to 12 feet; and (4) public distance, ranging from 12 to more than 25 feet.

9. Your treatment of space is influenced by such factors as status, culture, context, subject matter, gender, age, and positive or negative evaluation of the other person.

10. Territoriality has to do with your possessive reaction to an area of space or to particular objects.

11. Artifactual communication consists of messages that are human-made; for example, communication through color, clothing and body adornment, and space decoration.

12. The study of haptics indicates that touch communication may convey a variety of meanings, the most important being positive affect, playfulness, control, ritual, and task-relatedness. Touch avoidance is the desire to avoid touching and being touched by others.

13. Paralanguage involves the vocal but nonverbal dimensions of speech. It includes rate, pitch, volume, rhythm, and vocal quality as well as pauses and hesitations. Paralanguage helps us make judgments about people, their emotions, and their be-lievability.

14. We use silence to communicate a variety of meanings, from messages aimed at hurting another (the silent treatment) to deep emotional responses.

15. The study of time communication (chronemics) explores the messages communicated by our treatment of time.

16. Smell can communicate messages of attraction, taste, memory, and identification.

17. Among the cultural differences that researchers have focused on are facial expressions and displays, the meanings of color, the uses of silence, the appropriateness and uses of touch, and the ways in which time is treated.

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