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The British

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The formation of the United Kingdom took centuries, and a lot of armed struggle was involved. In the 15th century, a Welsh prince, Henry Tudor, became King Henry VII of England. Then his son, King Henry YIII, united England and Wales under one Parliament in 1536.In Scotland a similar thing happened. The King of Scotland inherited the crown of England and Wales in 1603, so he became King James I of England and Wales and King James VI of Scotland. The Parliaments of England, Wales and Scotland were united a century later in 1707.

The flag of the United Kingdom, known as Union Jack, is made up of three crosses. The upright red cross is the cross of St George, the patron saint of England. The white diagonal cross (with the arms going into the corners) is the cross of St Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland. The red diagonal cross is the cross of St Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. St David is the patron saint of Wales.

About 2,000 years ago the British Isles were inhabited by the Celts. During many centuries there were many invasions. The Romans came from Italy in AD 43 and, in calling the country “Britannia’, gave Britain its name. The Angles and Saxons came from Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands in the 5th century, and England gets its name from this invasion (Angleland). The Vikings arrived from Denmark and Norway throughout the 9th century, and in 1066 the Normans invaded from France. These invasions drove the Celts into what is now Wales and Scotland, and they remained, of course, in Ireland. The English, on the other hand, are the descendants of all the invaders, but are more Anglo-Saxon than anything else.

These various origins explain many of the differences to be found between England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland – differences in education, religion, but most obviously, in language. The Celts spoke Celtic which survives today in the form of Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic. These languages are still spoken, although they have suffered from the spread of English. However, all three languages are taught in schools.

English developed from Anglo-Saxon and is a Germanic language. But all the invading peoples, particularly the Norman French, influenced the English language and you can find many words in English which are French in origin.

Nowadays all Welsh, Scottish and Irish people speak English (even if they speak their own language as well), but all the countries have their own special accents and dialects, and their people are easily recognizable as soon as they speak. A southern English accent is generally accepted to be the most easily understood, and is the accent usually taught to foreigners.

Today the United Kingdom is a multiracial state, where many immigrants from different countries live. British culture is being enriched through its contact with other cultures. For example, the British are becoming more adventurous in their cooking and eating habits, and Chinese, Indian and Pakistani restaurants are very popular. Another example can be found in the pop music scene where West Indian reggae music has become very influential.


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