Bibliography

Books:

Oxley, P (2001).Russia,1855-1991. From Tsars to Commissars. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Russian Studies in History. pp 20- 30.

Journals:

Edele, M (2002).“Strange Young Men in Stalin's Moscow: The Birth and Life of the Stiliagi”, 1945-1953”, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas Neue Folge, Bd. 50, H. 1, pp. 37-61

Fainsod, M (1964).” Soviet Youth and the Problem of the Generations”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 108, No. 5 (Oct. 20, 1964), pp. 429-436

Gooderham, P (1982). “The Komsomol and Worker Youth: The Inculcation of 'Communist Values' in Leningrad during NEP “, Soviet Studies, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Oct., 1982), pp. 506-52

Gorsuch, A (1992),”Soviet Youth and the Politics of Popular Culture during NEP”, Social History, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 189-201

Orlovsky, D (1988).” Social History and Its Categories”, Slavic Review, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Winter, 1988), pp. 620-623

Riordan J, (1988).”Soviet Youth: Pioneers of Change Soviet Studies, Vol. 40, No. 4 (Oct., 1988)”, pp. 556-572

Sherman, G (1962).“Soviet Youth: Myth and Reality”, Daedalus, Vol. 91, No. 1, Youth: Change and Challenge (Winter, 1962), pp. 216-237

Tsipursky, G (2008). “Citizenship, deviance and identity: soviet youth newspapers as agents of social control in the Thaw-era leisure campaign”, Cahiers du Monde Russe, Vol. 49, No.4 (Octobre-decembre 2008), pp.629-649

Temin, P, Johnson, S,(1993). The Macroeconomics of NEP, the Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Nov., 1993), pp. 750-767

Timofeev, B (1953).”Harry”, Krokodil magazine”. [online]. [Accessed 19/10/2014]. Available from: http://www.stilyagispb.ru/147-agitacionnaya-statya-v-zhurnale-krokodil.html

Websites:

Believ, D (1949). ”Styliagi”, Krokodil Magazine”. [online]. [Accessed 19/10/2014]. Available from: http://www.stilyagispb.ru/147-agitacionnaya-statya-v-zhurnale-krokodil.html

Kolemasova, G (2003). “The fight against unemployment of youth and women in the years of NEP. [online].[Accessed 19/10/2014].Available from: http://www.dissercat.com/content/borba-s-bezrabotitsei-sredi-molodezhi-i-zhenshchin-v-gody-nepa-na-materialakh-nizhnego-povol

Kozlov, A (2011). “All that Jazz: Memoirs of a Styliagi”.[online].[Accesed 19/10/2014]. Available from: http://www.blatata.com/sovetkult/12340-aleksey-kozlov-ves-etot-dzhaz-iz-vospominaniy-stilyagi.html

Golicin, K (1997). “Dvroianskaia collection: diaries of K. Golicin”. [online]. [Accessed 19/10/2014]. Available from: http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&num=12051

[1] The NEP for Foxtrotters and Late-Stalinism and Thaw-era for Styliagi

[2] The three preconditions are a group of youth with sufficient resources for leisure-based lifestyle, a public sphere not completely loyal to soviet ideology and the availability of non- soviet elements of style and information” (Edele, 2002,p 30).

[3] For instance the dress, music and jargon through which the membership was expressed

[4] Albeit state-condemned

1In this essay I will be considering the Youth between the ages of 16 and 24, as this is the age group forming most youth subcultures.

[6] A leisure campaign aimed to change the everyday behavior patterns of the delinquent youth though the use of press. Styliagi were one of the main groups targeted.

[7] The youth division of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

[8] The reason why those subcultures can be labelled as protest is because youths attempts to find self-identity through non-Soviet forms of expression, such as dress or dance, were seen in political terms and labelled as hooliganism or political deviance.

[9] A subculture is a cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture.

[10] I will also refer to Flappers, another subculture existing during NEP, which was very similar to the Foxtrotters, but focused on clothing.

[11] 1945

[12] 1953-1964

[13] In 1921 the Russian Famine Relief Act was approved by the U.S. Congress and $20,000,000 was devoted to aid. ARA employed 300 Americans, more than 120,000 Russians, feeding 10.5 million people daily at the peak of it's activity.

[14] A royal nobility rank in Pre-revolutionary Russia

[15] Remains of aristocratic intelligentsia

[16] A group of youth with sufficient resources for leisure-based lifestyle.

[17] Availability of non- soviet elements of style and information.

[18] A public sphere not completely loyal to soviet ideology.

[19] Americanophile group of upper-class youth, who no longer tried to be Stylish but rather aimed to look American.

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