THE INTERNET

I

The Internet, a global computer network that embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet switching. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out, information will just route around them. One such packet switching network that has already survived a war is the Iraqi computer network that was knocked out during the Gulf War.

Despite the confusing techno-jargon that surrounds it, the Internet is simple: computers talk to one another through a network that uses phone lines, cable, and fiber-optic lines.

At present more than 60 million people use the Internet and over five million computers worldwide are linked in. Most of the Internet host computers are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there are millions worldwide, and their number is growing by thousands each month. People use the Net for transferring data, playing games, socializing with other computer users, and sending e-mail.

The most popular Internet services are e-mail, reading USENET news, using the World Wide Web, telnet, FTP, information sites and Gopher.

II

The Internet can be divided into five broad areas:

Electronic mail

E-mail is much faster than traditional or snail mail because once the message is typed out, it arrives in the electronic mailbox of the recipient within minutes or seconds. Anything that can be digitized – pictures, sound, video –can be sent, retrieved and printed at the other end. This is efficient and convenient.

Information sites

This is perhaps the fastest growing area of the Internet as more and more people put their own information pages on line. One thing that computers do very well is processing vast amounts of data very fast, so, by specifying a key word or phrase, the computer can then search around the Net until it finds some matches. These information sites are usually stored on big computers that exist all over the world. The beauty of the Net is that you can access all of them from your home, using your own PC.

The World Wide Web

The World Wide Web usually referred to as WWW or 3W, is a vast network of information databases that feature text, visuals, sound, and video clips. On the WWW you can do such things as go on tour of a museum or art exhibition, see the latest images from outer space, go shopping, and get travel information on hotels and holidays.

USENET News

Usenet is a collection of newsgroups covering any topic. Newsgroups allow users to participate in dialogues and conversations by subscribing, free of charge. Each newsgroup consists of massages and information posted by other users. There are more than 10,000 newsgroups and they are popular with universities and businesses.

Telnet

Telnet programs allow you to use your personal computer to access a powerful mainframe computer. It is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area network connections (LANs). Telnet provides access to a command-line interface on a remote machine. Telnet clients are available for virtually all platforms.

III

Aside from the complex physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is facilitated by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts (peering agreements), and by technical specifications or protocols that describe how to exchange data over the network. Indeed, the Internet is defined by its interconnections and routing policies.

The complex communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of its hardware components and a system of software layers that control various aspects of the architecture. While the hardware can often be used to support other software systems, it is the design and the rigorous standardization process of the software architecture that characterizes the Internet.

The responsibility for the architectural design of the Internet software systems has been delegated to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The IETF conducts standard-setting work groups; open to any individual, about the various aspects of Internet architecture. Resulting discussions and final standards are published in Request for Comment (RFC), freely available on the IETF web site. The principal methods of networking that enable the Internet are contained in a series of RFC that constitute the Internet Standards. These standards describe a system known as the Internet Protocol Suite. This is a model architecture that divides methods into a layered system of protocols (e.g.,

RFC 1122, RFC 1123). The layers correspond to the environment or scope in which their services operate. At the top is the space (Application Layer) of the software application and just below it is the Transport Layer which connects applications on different host via the network (client-server model). The underlying network consists of two layers: the Internet Layer which enables computers to connect to one-another via intermediate (transit) networks and thus is the layer that establishes internetworking, and lastly, at the bottom, is a software layer that provides connectivity between hosts on the same local link, e.g., a local area network (LAN) or a dial-up connection. This model is also known as TCP/IP model of networking. While other models have been developed, such as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, they are not compatible in the details of description, nor implementation.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

1) What is the Internet?

2) When did the Internet begin?

3) What was the Internet designed for?

4) What technology is called packet switching?

5) In what way can computers be connected in the network?

6) What is the number of people using the Internet?

7) What do people use the Internet for?

8) What are the most popular Internet services?

9) What is e-mail and its advantages?

10) Tell about information sites.

11) Characterize the WWW.

12) What are Usenet groups? Are you a member of any of them?

13) What do telnet programs allow you to do?

14) What is the Internet facilitated by?

15) What does the complex communications infrastructure of the Internet consist of?

16) What is the function of the Internet Engineering Task Force?

17) What do Internet Standards describe?

Exercise 4. Write derivatives of the given words and translate them.

Globe, unite, surround, divide, digit, inform, process, beauty, exhibit, inform, connect, agree, response, apply, connect, describe, implement.

Exercise 5. Translate the following attributive groups of words:

A single route, packet switching network, confusing techno-jargon, fibre-optic lines, the fastest growing area, vast amounts of information, hotel’s facilities, a collection of newsgroups, a powerful mainframe computer, local area network connections, command-line interface, multi-lateral commercial contracts, the complex communications infrastructure, the rigorous standardization process, the Internet Engineering Task Force, standard-setting work groups, Open Systems Interconnection.

Exercise 6. Define the form and part of speech of the following words:

Users, sent over, another, with each other, switching, around, one, cable, are, more, accurately, nobody, data, faster, is typed out, anything, pictures, the fastest, well, vast, finds, exist, them, shopping, to transfer, defined, user’s task.

Exercise 7. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following English word-groups:

To embrace millions of users; to allow to use; to cover the topic; to be facilitated by technical specifications; peering agreements; to exchange data over the network; routing policy; software layers; various aspects of the architecture; resulting discussions; final standard; rigorous standardization process; layered system of protocols; the environment or scope; via the network; internetworking; compatible in the details; description; implementation.

Exercise 8. Give English equivalents of the following Ukrainian word-groups:

Друковане послання; все, що можна від цифрувати; зручно та ефективно; створювати інформаційні сторінки; опрацьовувати величезні масиви інформації; ключове слово чи вираз; шукати у мережі; зберігатися на великих комп’ютерах; мати доступ з власного комп’ютера; приймати участь у обговоренні; безкоштовно; майже точно; спілкуватись з користувачами з усього світу; швидко зростаюча сфера Інтернету; охоплювати будь-яку тему.

Exercise 9. Put questions to the words underlined in the following sentences:

1) It was designed to survive a nuclear war.

2) The Internet began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment.

3) This technology is called packet switching.

4) Computers talk to one another through a network that uses phone lines, cable, and fiber- optic lines.

5) The Internet can be divided into five broad areas.

6) Usenet is a collection of newsgroups covering any topic.

7) There are more than 10,000 newsgroups and they are popular with universities and businesses.

8) Telnet clients are available for virtually all platforms.

9) The layers correspond to the environment or scope in which their services operate.

10) This model is also known as TCP/IP model of networking.

Exercise 10. Give the definition of the given abbreviations. Describe their function.

USA, WWW, USENET, FTP, PC, LAN, IETF, RFC, AL, TL, IL, TCP/IP, OSI.

Exercise 11. Write out all the tense forms from part I. Divide them into Active Voice and Passive voice.

Exercise 12. Write out and define all the Non-Finite forms of the verb. State their functions and translate them.

Exercise 13. Complete these definitions with the correct participle of the verb given in brackets.

1. A gateway is an interface (enable) dissimilar networks to communicate.
2. A bridge is a hardware and software combination (use) to connect the same type of networks.
3. A backbone is a network transmission path (handle) major data traffic.
4. A router is a special computer (direct) messages when several networks are linked.
5. A network is a number of computers and peripherals (link) together.
6. A LAN is a network (connect) computers over a small distance such as within a company.
7. A server is a powerful computer (store) many programs (share) by all the clients in the network.
8. A client is a network computer (use) for accessing a service on a server.
9. A thin client is a simple computer (comprise) a processor and memory, display, keyboard, mouse and hard drives only.
10. A hub is an electronic device (connect) all the data cabling in a network.

Exercise 14. Link these statements using a relative clause with a participle.

A bridge is hardware and software combination used to connect the same type of networks. Bridges can also divide a large network into two smaller ones and connect two LANs that are nearby each other.

A router is a special computer that directs communicating messages when several networks are connected together. High-speed routers can serve as part of the Internet backbone.

A gateway is an interface that enables dissimilar networks to communicate, such as two LANs based on different topologies or network operating systems.

A backbone is the main transmission path, handling the major data traffic, connecting different LANs together.

A LAN is a network contained within a small area, for example a company department.

A modem is a device for converting digital signals to analog signals and vice versa to enable a computer to transmit and receive data using an ordinary telephone line.

Exercise 18. Headline all the three parts of the text. Make a plan in questions to each part of the text.

Exercise 19. Make a brief summary of the text.

Exercise 20. Make oral or written reports on the topics:

- Next generation Internet;

- The most interesting places you have explored on the Internet;

- The place of computer technology in our culture;

- Internet as the way of exploring the world.

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