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Part One THE ENGLISH WORD AS A STRUCTURE

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Chapter 2. Characteristics of the Word as the Basic Unit of Language... 27

§ 2.1 The Definition of the Word................................................................................. 27

§ 2.2 Semantic Triangle........................................................................................ 31

§ 2.3 Phonetic, Morphological and Semantic Motivation of Words.... 33

Chapter 3. Lexical Meaning and Semantic Structure of English Words... 37

§ 3.1 Definitions............................................................................................................... 37

§ 3.2 The Lexical Meaning Versus Notion................................................................. 42

§ 3.3 Denotative and Connotative Meaning............................................................. 47

§ 3.4 The Semantic Structure of Polysemantic Words............................................. 50

§ 3.5 Contextual Analysis.................................................................................... 56

§ 3.6 Componential Analysis.............................................................................. 57

Chapter 4. Semantic Change........................................................................................... 60

§ 4.1 Types of Semantic Change........................................................................ 60

§ 4.2 Linguistic Causes of Semantic Change............................................................. 71

§ 4.3 Extralinguistic Causes of Semantic Change..................................................... 73

Chapter 5. Morphological Structure of English Words. Affixation.................. 77

§ 5.1 Morphemes. Free and Bound Forms. Morphological Classification of

Words. Word-Families................................................................................. 77

§ 5.2 Aims and Principles of Morphemic and Word-Formation Analysis.. 81

§ 5.3 Analysis into Immediate Constituents...................................................... 83

§ 5.4 Derivational and Functional Affixes......................................................... 87

§ 5.5 The Valency of Affixes and Stems. Word-Building Patterns and Their

Meaning......................................................................................................... 90

§ 5.6 Classification of Affixes............................................................................. 96

§ 5.7 Allomorphs........................................................................................................... 101

§ 5.8 Boundary Cases Between Derivation, Inflection and Composition.. 102

§ 5.9 Combining Forms......................................................................................... 104

§ 5.10 Hybrids......................................................................................................... 106

Chapter 6. Compound Words................................................................................. 108

§ 6.1 Definitions and Introductory Remarks.......................................................... 108

§ 6.2.1 The Criteria of Compounds..................................................................... 112


 

 

§ 6.2.2 Semi-Affixes............................................................................................... 116

§ 6.2.3 “The Stone Wall Problem"....................................................................... 118

§ 6.2.4 Verbal Collocations of the Give Up Type............................................. 120

§ 6.3 Specific Features of English Compounds....................................................... 121

§ 6.4.1 Classification of Compounds........................................................................ 122

§ 6.4.2 Compound Nouns........................................................................................... 123

§ 6.4.3 Compound Adjectives.................................................................................... 125

§ 6.4.4 Compound Verbs............................................................................................ 126

§ 6.5 Derivational Compounds.................................................................................. 127

§ 6.6 Reduplication and Miscellanea of Composition........................................... 129

§ 6.6.1 Reduplicative Compounds............................................................................ 129

§ 6.6.2 Ablaut Combinations............................................................................... 130

§ 6.6.3 Rhyme Combinations..................................................................................... 130

§ 6.7 Pseudo Compounds...................................................................................... 131

§ 6.8 The Historical Development of English Compounds................................... 131

§ 6.9 New Word-Forming Patterns in Composition.......................................... 133

Chapter 7. Shortened Words and Minor Types of Lexical Oppositions.............. 134

§ 7.1 Shortening of Spoken Words and Its Causes........................................... 134

§ 7.2 Blending.......................................................................................................... 141

§ 7.3 Graphical Abbreviations. Acronyms.......................................................... 142

§ 7.4 Minor Types of Lexical Oppositions. Sound Interchange..................... 145

§ 7.5 Distinctive Stress.................................................................................................. 147

§ 7.6 Sound Imitation................................................................................................... 148

§ 7.7 Back-Formation................................................................................................... 150

Chapter 8. Conversion and Similar Phenomena......................................................... 153

§ 8.1 Introductory Remarks........................................................................................ 153

§ 8.2 The Historical Development of Conversion............................................. 155

§ 8.3 Conversion in Present-Day English............................................................ 156

§ 8.4 Semantic Relationships in Conversion...................................................... 158

§ 8.5 Substantivation.............................................................................................. 161

§ 8.6 Conversion in Different Parts of Speech................................................... 162

§ 8.7 Conversion and Other Types of Word-Formation.................................. 163

Chapter 9. Set Expressions.............................................................................................. 165

§ 9.1 Introductory Remarks. Definitions............................................................ 165

§ 9.2 Set Expressions, Semi-Fixed Combinations and Free Phrases.... 166

Changeable and Unchangeable Set Expressions................................... 166

§ 9.3 Classification of Set Expressions...................................................................... 169

§ 9.4 Similarity and Difference between a Set Expression and a Word. 174

§ 9.5 Features Enhancing Unity and Stability of Set Expressions.... 177

§ 9.6 Proverbs, Sayings, Familiar Quotations and Clichés.............................. 179


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