A manner – manners (behavior)

In Pl. some words adopt another meaning.

1. Stylistics: Linguo-Stylistics is concerned with the study of the nature, functions and structure of stylistic devices, on the one hand, and with the investigation of each style of language, on the other, i.e. with its aim, its structure, its characteristic features and the effect it produces as well as its interrelation with the other styles of language.

It is concerned with circumstances, registers. What word would be used in the register? It depends on the situation.

4. Sociolinguistics: It is a matter of common knowledge that the vocabulary of any language is never stable, never static, but is constantly changing, growing and decaying. The changes in the vocabulary of a language are due both to linguistic and extralinguistic causes or to a combination of both. The extralinguistic causes are determined by the social nature of the language.

E. has a lot of communities. How life changes the L.?

The intense development of science and technology has lately given birth to a great number of new words such as computer, cyclotron, radar, psycholinguistics, etc..; the conquest and research of outer space started by the Soviet people contributed words like sputnik, lunokhod, babymoon, moon-car, spaceship, etc. It is significant that the suffix -nik occurring in the noun sputnik is freely applied to new words of various kinds, e.g. flopnik (cлово употреблялось в английской печати для обозначения американского искусственного спутника, неофициально названного Yanknik, в связи с неоднократно не удавшимися попытками запустит его ). Sputnikitis – название болезни, заключавшейся в увлечении спутником. The factor of the social need also manifests itself in the mechanism of word-formation. Among the adjectives with the suffix -y derived from noun stems denoting fabrics (cf. silky, velvety, woolly, etc.) the adjective tweedy stands out as meaning not merely resembling or like tweed but rather ‘of sports style’. It is used to describe the type of appearance (or style of clothes) which is characteristic of a definite social group, namely people going in for country sports. Thus, the adjective tweedy in this meaning defines a notion which is specific for the speech community in question and is, therefore, sociolinguistically conditioned.

PC – political correctness: milk career but not milkman. Feminism is reflected in speech. Male and female speeches differ.

Terrorism, wars are reflected:

Ex: friendly fire – огонь по своим в Ираке

collateral damages – побочные потери

surgical fire – огонь по определенным объектам

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