Fishery

Generally, a fishery is an entity engaged in raising and/or harvesting fish, which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features". The definition often includes a combination of fish and fishers in a region, the latter fishing for similar species with similar gear types.

A fishery may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish through fish farming or aquaculture. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture. Overfishing, including the taking of fish beyond sustainable levels, is reducing fish stocks and employment in many world regions.

In biology – the term fish is most strictly used to describe any animal with a backbone that has gills throughout life and has limbs, if any, in the shape of fins. Examples include shellfish, cuttlefish, starfish, crayfish and jellyfish. In earlier times, even biologists did not make a distinction — sixteenth century natural historians classified also seals, whales, amphibians, crocodiles, even hippopotamuses, as well as a host of aquatic invertebrates, as fish.

· In fisheries – the term fish is used as a collective term, and includes mollusks, crustaceans and any aquatic animal which is harvested.

· True fish – The strict biological definition of a fish, above, is sometimes called a true fish. True fish are also referred to as finfish or fin fish to distinguish them from other aquatic life harvested in fisheries or aquaculture.

Fisheries can be saltwater or freshwater, wild or farmed. Examples are the salmon fishery of Alaska, the cod fishery off the Lofoten islands, the tuna fishery of the Eastern Pacific, or the shrimp farm fisheries in China. Capture fisheries can be broadly classified as industrial scale, small-scale or artisanal, and recreational.

Close to 90% of the world’s fishery catches come from oceans and seas, as opposed to inland waters. Most marine fisheries are based near the coast. This is not only because harvesting from relatively shallow waters is easier than in the open ocean, but also because fish are much more abundant near the coastal shelf, due to the abundance of nutrients available there from coastal upwelling and land runoff. However, productive wild fisheries also exist in open oceans, particularly by seamounts, and inland in lakes and rivers.

Most fisheries are wild fisheries, but farmed fisheries are increasing. Farming can occur in coastal areas, such as with oyster farms, but more typically occur inland, in lakes, ponds, tanks and other enclosures.

There are species fisheries worldwide for finfish, mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms, and by extension, aquatic plants such as kelp. However, a very small number of species support the majority of the world’s fisheries. Some of these species are herring, cod, anchovy,tuna, flounder, mullet, squid, shrimp, salmon, crab, lobster, oyster and scallops.

Among principal commercial fishery species groups we can distinguish:

Large pelagic fish: Mackerel, Salmon, Shark, Swordfish, Tuna, yellowfin, bigeye, bluefin, albacore, skipjack.

Farmed fish: Carp, (bighead, common crucian, grass silver, Catfish, Freshwater prawns, Mussels, Oysters, Salmon, (Atlantic salmon trout, coho, chinook, Scallops, Seaweed, Shrimp, Tilapia.

Wild fisheries: ocean fisheries, diversity of fish, coastal fish, coral reef fish, demersal fish, forage fish, pelagic fish, cod fisheries, crab fisheries, eel fisheries, krill fisheries, kelp fisheries, lobster fisheries, shrimp fisheries, eel ladder, fish ladder, fish screen, migration, sardine run, shoaling and schooling, marine habitats, marine snow, water column, upwelling, humboldt, algal blooms, dead zones, fish kill.

farmed fish – искусственно выращенная рыба.

pelagic fish – пелагическая, морская рыба

mackerel – скумбрия, макрель

swordfish – рыба-меч

yellowfin – желтопёр

bigeye – бычеглазый окунь

bluefin – голубой тунец

albacore – алюьакор, длинноперый тунец

skipjack – щелкун

common crucian carp – обыкновенный карась

prawns – креветки

mussels – мидии, двустворчатые моллюски

oysters – устрицы

coho – кижуч

chinook – чавыча

scallop – морской гребешок

shrimp – мелкая креветка

eel fisheries – промысел на гобкой морской косе

fish ladder – рыбоподъемник, рыбопропускная лестница

fish screen – рыбозаградительная решетка

shoaling – изменение глубины

schooling – скосячивание

marine habitats – морская среда обитания

water column – водная толща

upwelling – подъем глубинных вод

algal blooms - цветение воды –

demersal fish – придонная, донная рыба

forage fish – рыба для корма

krill fisheries – промысел криля

kelp fisheries – промысел бурой водоросли

Compare the definitions of fishery:

· fishery — 1> рыболовство; рыбный промысел 2> рыбоводство 3> рыбные ресурсы 4> рыбные места; тоня Ex: oyster fishery устричное поле Ex: pearl fisheries жемчужные поля 5> юр. право рыбной ловли Ex: common fishery равное для всех право на рыбную ловлю,… … Новый большой англо-русский словарь

· fishery — noun 1) рыболовство; рыбный промысел 2) рыбные места; тоня 3) leg.право рыбной ловли … Англо-русский словарь Мюллера

· fishery — 1) рыболовный промысел, рыболовство 2) тоня 3) право рыбной ловли • commercial fishery deep sea fishery inshore fishery … Англо-русский словарь технических терминов

· fishery — noun (plural eries) Date: 1528 1. the occupation, industry, or season of taking fish or other sea animals (as sponges, shrimp, or seals); fishing 2. a place for catching fish or taking other sea animals 3. a fishing establishment; also its… … New Collegiate Dictionary

· fishery — /fish euh ree/, n., pl. fisheries. 1. a place where fish are bred; fish hatchery. 2. a place where fish or shellfish are caught. 3. the occupation or industry of catching, processing, or selling fish or shellfish. 4. Law. the right to fish in… … Universalium

· fishery — a term used to describe the collective enterprise of taking fish. A fishery is usually defined by a combination of the species caught (one or several), the gear and/or fishing methods used, and the area of operation … Fisheries — dictionary

· fishery — (plural fisheries)) 1) the catching of fish or of a particular kind of fish for commerce or sport. The total world commercial catch in 2000 was 86 million tons (presumably metric tonnes) (plural fisheries) 2) a place for catching fish.

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