Methods of analysis of the morphemic structure of the word

Procedure of morphemic analysis. it is employed for the purposes of degmantic words into the consulting morphemes. word break into: 1. inmediate constituents (непосредственные) 2. ultimate constituents (основные) binary principles: each stage of the procedure involves 2 components the word inmediatelly breaks into. they are referred to as ucs (the immediate constituent). when the word is incapable of the further division we speak about the ucs. according to the derivance structure all words fall into 2 big classes: 1. simplixes (non-derived words) don’t fall into inmediate constituance – friend, hand, blut 2. complexes (derivatives) depend on some other simpler lexical units that motivate them structurally and semantically. friendness: the basic elements of the derivative structure are derivational bases which structurally fall into 3 classes. 1. bases that coincide with morphological stems of different degrees of complexity. f.e. dutiful- dutifully 2. bases that coincide with word forms. f.e. unknown (словоформа).3. bases that coincide with word groups of different degrees of stability. second rateness. derivational affixes – functions, stem building, word building. semantically derivational affixes are characterized by a unity of part of speech meaning, lexical meaning and other types of morphemic meanings. f.e. spiderich – spiderlike – spidery. their denotational meaning is that of resemblance. but their individual or connotational meaning is different. suffix –ish conveys likeness to the inner qualities. –like conveys likeness to an ever all resemblance, -y – conveys likeness to shape, form, size.

The morphemic analysis establishes only the ultimate constituents that make up the word.

A structural word-formation analysis proceeds further; it studies the structural correlation with other words, the structural patterns or rules on which words are built.

This is done with the help of the principle of oppositions, i.e. by studying the partly similar elements, the differences between which are functionally relevant; in our case this difference is sufficient to create a new word. Girl and girlish are members of morphemic opposition. They are similar as the root morpheme -girl- is the same. Their distinctive feature is the suffix -ish. Due to this suffix the second member is a different word belonging to the different part of speech.

A correlation is a set of binary oppositions. It is composed of two subsets formed by the first and the second elements of each couple, i.e. opposition. Each element of the first set is coupled with exactly one element of the second set and vice versa. Each second element may be derived from the corresponding first element by a general rule valid for all members of the relation. Observing the proportional opposition: child/childish=woman/womanish=monkey/monkeyish=spinster/sp

insterish=book/bookish

It is possible to conclude that there is in English a type of derived adjectives consisting of a noun stem and the suffix –ish.

Observation also shows that the stems are mostly those of animate nouns, and permits us to define the relationship between the structural pattern of the word and its meaning. Any one word built according to this pattern contains a semantic component common to the whole group, namely: “typical of or having the bad qualities of”.

In the above example the results of the morphemic analysis and the structural word-formation analysis practically coincide.

There are other cases, however, they are of necessity separated.

The morphemic analysis is, for instance, insufficient in showing the difference between the structure of inconvenience v and impatience n; it classifies both as derivatives. From the point of view of word-formation pattern, however, they are fundamentally different. It is only the second that is formed by derivation.

Compare:

Impatience n/ impatient a=patience n/ patient a=corpulence n/corpulent a

The correlation that can be established for the verb inconvenience is different, namely:

Inconvenience v/ inconvenience n = pain v/ pain n=disgust

v/disgust n=anger v/anger n=delight v/ delight n.

Here nouns denoting some feeling or state are correlated with verbs causing this feeling or state, there being no difference in stems between the members of each separate opposition.

Whether different pairs in the correlation are structured similarly or differently is irrelevant. Some of them are simple root-words, others are derivatives; they might be compounds as well. In terms of word formation we state that the verb inconvenience when compared with the noun inconvenience shows relationships characteristic of the process of conversion. Cf. to position where the suffix – tion does not classify this word as an abstract noun but shows it is derived from one. This approach also affords a possibility to distinguish between compound words formed by composition and those formed by other processes. The words honeymoon n and honeymoon v are both compounds containing two free stems, yet the first is formed by composition: honey n+ moon n= honeymoon n, and the second by conversion: honeymoon n > honeymoon v. The treatment remains synchronic because it is not the origin of the word that is established but its present correlations in the vocabulary and the patterns productive in present-day English.

The analysis into immediate constituents describes below permits us to obtain the morphemic structure and provides the basis for the further word-formation analysis.

Word-building is one of the main ways of enriching vocabulary. There are four main ways of word-building in modern

English: affixation, composition, conversion, abbreviation. There are also secondary ways of word-building: sound interchange, stress interchange, sound imitation, blends, back formation.

Поиск по сайту: