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Japan (2)

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Japan is a developed country with high living standards and the longest life expectancy in the world, although it suffers from a high suicide rate. Japan is sometimes called the ‘Land of the Rising Sun’. Most of the islands are mountainous, and there are many earthquakes. Japan’s highest peak, Mount Fuji, is a volcano. Japanese arts include crafts (ikebana, origami), performances (kabuki), traditions (games, tea ceremony, architecture, gardens, swords) and cuisine. Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity. Sumo is Japan’s national sport.

 

Martial arts such as judo and karate are also widely practiced. The Japanese eat rice dishes such as sushi using chopsticks, and drink tea and sake. Only 12% of Japan’s land is suitable for cultivation. Due to this lack of arable land, a system of terraces is used to farm in small areas. This results in one of the world’s highest levels of crop yields per unit area.

 

Japan is the world’s largest producer of cars. Some of the largest enterprises in Japan include Toyota Motor, Canon, Honda, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sony, and Mitsubishi Estate. Other important industries include electronics, semiconductors, machinery, industrial robotics, chemicals, optics, metals and earthquake engineering. Housing in Japan includes modern and traditional styles. While there are many skyscrapers in big cities, wooden and concrete houses are generally torn down and rebuilt after a few decades. In the past, almost all Japanese people slept on the floor, on futons laid on the tatami mats. Similar to modern offices, partitions within the house are created by fusuma, sliding doors made from wood and paper.
Samurai was a member of a military class of high rank in Japan in former times. The philosophies of Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto, influenced the samurai culture.
     

 

The man whose life and teachings the Christian religion is

based on. According to the New Testament of the Bible, Jesus was born in BETHLEHEM and was the son of God and the Virgin MARY. As a child, he lived in NAZARETH with Mary and her husband JOSEPH, who was a CARPENTER. Jesus gathered 12 followers, called DISCIPLE s, who later helped to establish the Christian religion. He travelled around Palestine with them, teaching people and performing MIRACLE s, such as curing people who were ill and changing water into wine. The Roman authorities, however, became worried that Jesus was getting too powerful, so they made him a prisoner and decided to CRUCIFY him. They attached him to a large wooden cross using nails, and left him hanging there until he died. Christians believe that Jesus died so that other people would not have to be punished for their sins, and that the RESURRECTION happened three days after Jesus’s death, when he came alive again and spoke to his disciples, and then went up to heaven.
(1412-31) The PATRON SAINT of France. As a young girl, she believed that she heard holy voices

telling her to fight the English and force their army to leave France. Dressed as a man, she led a French army which defeated the English at Orléans, and became known as the ‘ Maid of Orléans ’. Later she was made a prisoner, and a court found her guilty of being a WITCH (=a woman with evil magic powers), and she was punished by being burned to death.

job [dʒɒb] рабо́та

join [dʒɔɪn] (при)соединя́ть(ся)

joint [dʒɔɪnt] о́бщий, совме́стный, объединённый

joke [dʒəʊk] 1) n шу́тка 2) v шути́ть

(1963–) A US BASKETBALL player. He was often known as ‘Air Jordan’ because he jumped very

high when he scored points. He was also known to be one of the most highly-paid sports players in the world.

 

journalist [ˈdʒɜːnǝlɪst] журнали́ст journey [ˈdʒɜːni] путеше́ствие joy [dʒɔɪ] ра́дость; весе́лье
The religion of the Jews; the religion based on the Old Testament of the Bible, the TALMUD, and

the later teachings of the RABBI s. Judaism is the oldest religion with one God, and both Christianity and ISLAM are descended from it. Jews believe that God made an agreement with them to protect them if they served Him faithfully, obeyed his law, and recognized no other gods. The law is believed to have been given to MOSES in the form of the TEN COMMANDMENTS. The Jews came to believe in a MESSIAH after they had spent many years without a country of their own, but they do not agree with Christians that Jesus Christ was the true Messiah. Features of the religion today include keeping the SABBATH, celebrating PASSOVER and other holy days, and eating KOSHER food, all of which have helped in the preservation of Judaism.

judge [ˈdʒʌdʒ] 1) n судья 2) v суди́ть

judgement [ˈdʒʌdʒmənt] мне́ние; пригово́р, реше́ние суда́

juice [dʒuːs] сок

 jump [dʒʌmp] 1) n прыжо́к 2) v пры́гать jumper [ˈdʒʌmpəʳ] дже́мпер junior [ˈdʒuːniəʳ] мла́дший jury [ˈdʒʊəri] прися́жные; жюри́ just [dʒʌst] то́лько что
USAGE Just, already, and yet were at one time not used with the simple past tense when speaking of time. But expressions like: The bell just rang. | I already saw him. | Did you eat yet? are common in informal American English. It is still considered more correct in British English to say The bell has just rung. | I’ve already seen him. | Have you eaten yet?

justice [ˈdʒʌstɪs] справедли́вость; правосу́дие, юсти́ция

CULTURAL NOTE Justice is often represented by a woman who has her eyes covered, and has SCALES in one hand and a sword in the other. This represents the idea that justice should treat everyone equally, examine (or ‘weigh’) all the evidence, decide whether it shows the person is guilty or not, and punish those who are guilty. In London there is a famous STATUE of Justice on the OLD BAILEY, which is the main court for criminal cases in London.

justify [ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ] опра́вдывать; объясня́ть

 


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