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To state simple facts in the past

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  12. EXERCISE 1. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Past Simple or the Past Perfect.

The house stood on the hill.

She was beautiful.

I did not know who the man was.

I did not hear your question.

I did not see you at the theatre.

What did you say?

 

The past indefinite, never the present perfect, is used in questions beginning with when, even though no indication of past time is made, because when implies a certain moment in the past. The answer can be either in the past indefinite or in the present perfect, depending on the situation: When did you see him? - I saw him two days ago. - I have just seen him.

Likewise, the past indefinite, not the present perfect, is used in ques­tions beginning with where because in such questions the reference to some past moment is implied: Where did you buy that hat? The implication is: when you were at the place where the action was performed.

 

2. To denote habitual actions in the past.

 

All summer I got up at 7.

On Sunday evening he took her to the pictures.

He usually took the first morning train.

 

Note:

 

Besides the past indefinite there are other ways of expressing habitual actions in the past:

a) by means of the form used to + infinitive:

Some years ago he used to call on me, now he never does.

 

The negative construction of used to is formed in one of two ways: didn’t used to and didn’t use to.

She didn’t use to knit in the evenings.

 

The interrogative construction is: did (he) used to? or did (he) use to...?

Did she used to write her articles at night?

Did he use to do it?

 

b) The other way to express habitual actions is by means of the verb would + infinitive stem. But unlike used

to, would always conveys an additional modal colouring of will, insistance, perseverance.

This used to be my mother’s room, and I would sit there for hours.

 

3. To denote a succession of past actions.

He got up, put on his hat, and left.

The car stopped, the door opened, and a very pretty girl got out of it.

 

4. To denote actions in progress at a certain moment in the past, with verbs that cannot be used in

continuous forms.

 

He was not listening but still heard what they were speaking about.

At that time he was on the watch.

 

5. To denote future actions in subordinate adverbial clauses of time and condition depending on

principal clauses with the predicate verb in a past tense.

 

She said she would come when the film was over.

She said she would do it if nothing unexpected happened.

 

§ 33. The ways of rendering the past indefinite in Russian are varied, owing to its aspective vagueness. Depending on the lexical meaning of the verb and on the context, it can be translated by Russian verbs in the past tense of both perfective and imperfective aspects with all possible shades of their meanings.

 

In the morning I wrote two letters. Утром я написал два письма. (A perfective (completed) action.)  
I got up from my chair and bowed. Я встал и поклонился. (Two perfective (completed) momentary actions.)  
He breathed hard and stopped every few minutes. Он тяжело дышал и останавливался каждые несколько минут. (Imperfective (incompleted) and iterative actions.)  
She lay on the sofa reading а detective story. Она лежала на диване, читая детектив. (Imperfective, durative action.)  
On hearing it he laughed. Услышав это, он засмеялся. (A perfective, inchoative action.)

 

The past continuous

 

§ 34. Formation. The past continuous is formed analytically by the auxiliary verb to be in the past indefinite and participle I of the notional verb.

In the interrogative the auxiliary is placed before the subject and par­ticiple I follows the subject.

In the negative the corresponding negative forms of to be are em­ployed, and participle I follows them.

 


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