I. R. Galperfn's classification of expressive means and stylistic devices

The classification suggested by Prof. Galperin is simply organised and very detailed. His manual «Stylistics» published in 1971 includes the following subdivision of expressive means and stylistic devices based on the level-oriented approach: * Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices ** Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices *** Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices *

1. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices:

onomatopoeia (direct and indirect): ding-dong; silver bells... tin­kle, tinkle;

alliteration (initial rhyme): to rob Peter to pay Paul;

Евразийский национальный университет им. Л.Н. Гумилева

Учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины

Издание: третье

rhyme (full, incomplete, compound or broken, eye rhyme, internal rhyme. Also, stanza rhymes: couplets, triple, cross, framing/ring);

Rhythm

2. Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices

There are three big subdivisions in this class of devices and they all deal with the semantic nature of a word or phrase. However the criteria of selection of means for each subdivision are different and manifest different semantic processes.

I. In the first subdivision the principle of classification is the interac­tion of different types of a word's meanings: dictionary, contextual, derivative, nominal, and emotive. The stylistic effect of the lexical means is achieved through the binary opposition of dictionary and contextual or logical and emotive or primary and derivative meanings of a word.

A. The first group includes means based on the interplay of dictionary and contextual meanings:

metaphor: Dear Nature is the kindest Mother still. (Byron)

metonymy: The camp, the pulpit and the law for rich man's sons are free. (Shelly)

irony: It is so delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one’s pocket.

antonomasia: Mr. Facing-Both-Ways does not get very far in this world. (The Times)

II. The principle for distinguishing the second big subdivision ac­cording to Galperin is entirely different from the first one and is based on the interaction between two lexical meanings simultaneous­ly materialised in the context. This kind of interaction helps to call special attention to a certain feature of the object described. Here belong:

simile: treacherous as a snake, faithful as a dog, slow as a tortoise.

periphrasis: a gentleman of the long robe (a lawyer); the fair sex (women)

euphemism: In private I should call him a liar. In the Press you should use the words: 'Reckless disregard for truth'. (Galsworthy)

hyperbole: The earth was made for Dombey and Son to trade in and the sun and the moon were made to give them light. (Dickens)

oxymoron: The impeccably-sinful individuum, an impotently powerful tool

Евразийский национальный университет им. Л.Н. Гумилева

Учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины

Издание: третье

Ш. The third subdivision comprises stable word combinations in their interaction with the context:

cliches: clockwork precision, crushing defeat, the whip and carrot policy.

proverbs and sayings: Come! he said, milk's spilt. (Galsworthy)

epigrams: A thing of beauty is a joy for ever. (Keats)

quotations: Ecclesiastes said, 'that all is vanity'. (Byron)

allusions: Shakespeare talks of the herald Mercury. (Byron)

decomposition of set phrases: You know which side the law's buttered. (Galsworthy)

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