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Translation of the Gerund
The gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as follows:
1. The gerund can perform the function of subject, object and predicative.
They say smoking leads to meditation. (Collins) (SUBJECT)
I like making people happy. (Shaw) (OBJECT)
The duty of all progressive mankind is fighting for peace (PREDICATIVE)
2. The gerund can be preceded by a preposition.
I am very, very tired of rowing. (Hemingway)
3. Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun.
"I wonder at Jolyon's allowing this engagement", he said to Aunt Ann. (Galsworthy)
Is there any objection to my seeing her? (Galsworthy)
The verbal characteristics of the gerund are the same as those of the participle:
1. The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object.
I had now made a good progress in understanding and speaking their language.
2. The gerund can be modified by an adverb.
She burst out crying bitterly. (Hardy)
The gerund has tense distinctions; the gerund of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. The forms of the gerund in Modern English are as follows:
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | writing | being wrtten |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
The tense distinctions of the gerund, like those of the participle, are not absolute but relative.
1. The Indefinite Gerund Active and Passive denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending on the tense form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.
He can swim for any number of hours without tiring.
She walked on without turning her head.
2. The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb.
She denies having spoken with him.
Не was ashamed of having shown even the slightest irritation.
However, a prior action is not always expressed by a Perfect Gerund; in some cases we find an Indefinite Gerund. This occurs after the verbs to remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank and after the prepositions on (upon), after and without.
I don't remember hearing the legend before. (Hardy
You must excuse my not answering you before. (Collins)
The Perfect Gerund may also be used after the above mentioned verbs and prepositions.
He did not remember having been in that room. (Galsworthy)
They parted at Cohen's door without having spoken to each other again. (Eliot)
It is to be observed that after the verbs to want, to need, to deserve, to require and the adjective worth the gerund is used in the active form, though it is passive in meaning.
Не realized that his room needed painting.
The child deserves praising.
They were not worth saving.
In Modern English the gerund is widely used and often competes with the infinitive.
In the following cases only the gerund is used:
l. With the verbs and verbal phrases: to avoid, to burst out, to deny, to enjoy, to excuse, to fancy (in imperative sentences as an exclamation of surprise), to finish, to forgive, to give up, to go on, to keep (on), to leave off, to mind (in negative and interrogative sentences), to postpone, to put off, cannot help, and some others.
He avoided looking at Savina. (Wilson)
... she burst out crying. (Collins)
We all burst out laughing. (Braine)
She couldn't help smiling. (Mansfield)
2. With the verbs followed by prepositions: to accuse of, to agree to, to approve of, to complain of, to depend on, to feel like, to insist on, to look like, to object to, to persist in, to prevent from, to rely on, to speak of, to succeed in, to suspect of, to thank for, think of, to give up the idea of, to look forward to, not to like the idea of, to miss an (the) opportunity of and some others.
They accuse me of having dealt with the Germans. (Heym)
It was clear now... that Abraham never had agreed to their being married today.
You did not approve of my playing at roulette. (Eliot)
All the happiness of my life depends on your loving me (Eliot)
I don't feel like going out. (Wilson).
I insist on being treated with a certain consideration. (Shaw)
3. With the following predicative word-groups (with or without a preposition): to be aware of, to be busy in, to be capable of, to be fond of, to be guilty of, to be indignant at, to be pleased (displeased) at, to be proud of, to be sure of, to be surprised (astonished) at, to be worth (while), and some others.
Sir Pitt Crawley was not aware of Becky's having married Rawdon.
I felt physically incapable of remaining still in any one place and morally incapable of speaking to any one human being. (Collins)
I am very fond of being looked at. (Wilde)
You are really guilty of having connived with a German officer to help his escape. (Heym)
Gerund fulfils various functions in the sentence and can be translated by different means.
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