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LECTURE 3

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OLD ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Morphology and Syntax.

The Nominal Parts of Speech.

Plan

1. The Noun. The Categories of the Noun.

2. The Pronoun. The Types of Pronouns.

3. The Adjective. The Strong and the Weak Declensions. The Degrees of Comparison.

4. The Numeral.

 

If we compare the morphology of OE with MnE, OE is characterized by a greater number of categories in the sphere of the noun and a smaller number of categories in the sphere of the verb.

Besides, OE is characterized by a more developed system of inflexions both in the nominal parts of speech and the verb (The noun in the plural: s t a n-as, scip-u, d eo r (deer), sun-a, nam-an, cild-ru

The verb: (ic) sinZ-e, (D u ) sinZ-st, (h e, h eo, hit) sinZ-D, (w e, Z e, hie) sinZ-aD)

In contrast to Modern English, Old English had three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) in the noun and adjective and had inflected nouns, pronouns, and adjectives for case. Noun and adjective paradigms contained four cases--nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative--while pronouns also had forms for the instrumental case.

1. The Noun.

In the OE noun 3 categories are represented: the gender, the number and the case (like in most Germ. and I-E. languages) The Gender is a lexico-grammatical category, that is, every noun with all its forms belongs to one of three genders: Masculine, feminine or neuter. The number and the case are purely grammatical. The numbers are singular and plural, the cases are Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative.

According to traditional classification, all nouns are divided into types of declension: several strong and weak declensions, and others.

 

Let’s decline the OE noun STAN (strong declension, a-stem, masculine)

  singular plural
Nominative Stan Stanas
Genitive Stanes Stana
Dative Stane Stanum
Accusative Stan Stanas

 

The noun dæZ has some peculiarities due to back mutation (-a- in the endings of the plural)

  singular plural
Nominative dæZ daZas
Genitive dæZes daZa
Dative dæZe daZum
Accusative dæZ daZas

 

The weak declension has its own paradigm:

  singular plural
Nominative Nama Naman
Genitive Naman Namena
Dative Naman Namum
Accusative Naman Naman

 

Root-stem nouns belong to the oldest layer of vocabulary. The endings are added directly to the root.

  singular plural
Nominative Mann Menn
Genitive Mannes Manna
Dative Menn Mannum
Accusative Mann Menn

 

 

2. The Pronoun.

Most pronouns are inflected for number, case and gender.

a) The Personal pronouns retained the archaic dual number. (the table: The Personal pronouns)

 

b) Demonstrative pronouns still retain the instrumental case.(the table The Demonstrative Pr.)

 

c) Interrogative pronouns. “WHY” is originally the instr. case of WHAT.

1) Who? What?

  who what
Nominative Hwa Hwæt
Genitive Hwæs Hwæs
Dative Hwæm Hwæm
Accusative hwone hwæt
Instrumental   hwy

 

Other interrogative pronouns are: hwilc (which), hwonne (when ), hwær (where).

There are also d) definite, e) indefinite, f) negative, and g) relative pronouns.

d) Zehwa (every), Zehwilc (each), æZDer (either), swilc (such), se ylca (each other).

e) sum (some), æniZ (any)

f) nan, næniZ (no, no one)

g) De. seDe (which, that)

 

3. The Adjective. It is inflected for number, case and gender. All OE adjectives have 2 declensions: the strong and the weak ones. The category of definiteness is connected with the weak declension, indefiniteness – with the strong declension.

Pa Z o dan menn – Pa menn sindon Z o de.

The Adjectives formed degrees of comparison.

1)Most adjs. With the help of suffixation: -ra, -est/-ost.


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