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Contents. 1. Write in the Active Voice
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Introduction....................................................... 3
Basic Prose Style.................................................... 4
1. Write in the Active Voice............................................. 4
2. Avoid Nominalizations.............................................. 5
3. Express Parallel Ideas in Parallel Grammatical Form....................... 6
4. Place the Emphatic Words at the End of the Sentence....................... 7
5. Express Statements in Positive Form.................................... 7
6. Vary Sentence Patterns.............................................. 8
7. Choose Your Words Carefully........................................ 9
8. Avoid Overusing Word Modifiers..................................... 11
9. Clarify the Logical Relationships between Your Ideas....................... 11
10. Prune Deadwood.................................................. 12
11. Avoid Redundancy.................................................. 12
12. Use Metaphor to Illustrate............................................. 12
Basic Punctuation and Mechanics....................................... 14
1. Commas.......................................................... 14
2. Semicolons........................................................ 15
3. Colons............................................................ 15
4. Dashes............................................................ 16
5. Parentheses......................................................... 16
6. Ellipsis Dots........................................................ 17
7. Hyphens............................................................ 17
8. Apostrophes......................................................... 17
9. Italics............................................................... 18
10. Titles.............................................................. 18
11. Numbers........................................................... 18
12. Quotation Marks..................................................... 19
13. Punctuating Quotations................................................ 19
14. Introducing Indented Quotations, Vertical Lists, and Formulas.................. 20
15. Punctuating Vertical Lists............................................... 20
16. Question Marks...................................................... 21
17. Exclamation Points.................................................... 21
18. Multiple Punctuation.................................................. 21
Basic Prose Style and Mechanics Works Cited........................... 22
Introduction
This pamphlet is designed to introduce you to, or remind you of, the basic principles of prose style and mechanics. The Prose Style Section describes twelve basic principles of good prose style and illustrates most of these principles with examples. Since most writers and editors agree about the importance of these twelve basic principles, I have drawn from a wide variety of sources. However, I would especially recommend two texts: The Elements of Style by William Strunk and E.B. White and Style: Ten Lessons in Clarity & Grace by Joseph Williams.
All twelve principles described in the style section above are based on one overriding principle—that the essence of good writing is rewriting. You may attend to some of these principles spontaneously when you compose your first draft, but stylistic considerations become more deliberate concerns when you work on second, third, and fourth drafts. Remember that good writing is hard work, and as Samuel Johnson said, "What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure."
The Basic Punctuation and Mechanics Section of the pamphlet presents rules that govern the approximately fifty most common problems with punctuation and mechanics. Most of these rules are illustrated with examples, and many are cross-referenced with other rules with which they are frequently confused. This section is based primarily on The Associated Press Stylebook and The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th edition, generally considered the definitive reference on questions of punctuation and mechanics.
Basic Prose Style
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