B) Read the text and entitle it

1.Crime is a term that refers to misconduct forbidden by law. Every crime consists of two elements: an actus reus anda mens rea. The actus reus is simply an act or it may be an omission to act. It must be accompanied by a particular mental state – the mens rea. Common examples of mens rea are recklessness, negligence and intenton to cause a particular consequence.

2.Crimes may be classified in various ways. For statistical purposes, many governments divide crimes into offences against people, against property, and against public order or public morality. Other important kinds of crime include organized crime and white-collar crime.

3.Crimes against people include assault, kidnapping, murder, and sexual attacks. Such crimes usually bring severe punishment.

4.Crimes against property include arson, burglary, embezzlement, forgery, fraud, theft, and vandalism. In most countries, these crimes carry lighter penalties than do crimes against people.

5.Crimes against public order or morality include disorderly conduct, illegal gambling, prostitution, public drunkenness, and vagrancy.

6.Organized crime consists of large-scale activities by groups of gangsters or racketeers. These activities include gambling, prostitution, the illegal sale of drugs, and loan-sharking.

7.White-collar crime includes criminal acts committed by business and professional people, such as cheating in the payment of taxes, and stock market swindling.

8.From the point of view of procedure, criminal offences may be divided into indictable, summary and "either way" offences. Indictable offences are those which may be tried on indictment, that is, by a judge and a jury. This category includes all the most serious offences. A summary offence is one which is triable summarily, that is, by a magistrates' court. An "either way" offence is one which is tried summarily or on indictment.

b) Find in the text derivatives to the words: to try, to indict, to punish, to forbid

с) What do the word “it” (§1) and the word “one” (§8) refer to?

c) Find in the text the English equivalents to these word combinations:

неправомерное поведение; преступное бездействие; намерение; преступления среди служащих («беловоротничковые» преступления); поведение, нарушающее общественный порядок; присвоение или растрата имущества; азартная игра, запрещённая законом; суровое наказание; мошенничество на фондовой бирже; преступление, преследуемое по обвинительному акту; подлежащий рассмотрению в суде; преступление, преследуемое в порядке суммарного производства; преступления, преследуемые в альтернативном порядке; бродяжничество

c) Choose the right answer:

1. What is the main idea of the text?

a) to explain what the crime is and to determine its main elements

b) to describe types of criminal offences and elements of the crime

c) to introduce different classifications of crimes and punishment

d) to give the definition of the crime, its elements and to introduce different classifications of crimes

2. What is a crime?

a) a term that refers to law

b) conduct permitted by law

c) misconduct forbidden by law

d) a term that refers to a particular mental state

3. How many elements does the crime consist of?

a) 3

b) 2

c) it depends on the type of crime

d) 4

4. What are the main ways of classifying crimes?

a) for statistical purposes

b) from the point of view of procedure

c) for statistical purposes and from the point of view of procedure

d) mens rea and actus reus

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